Feldman EC, Ettinger SJ. Electrocardiographic changes associated with electrolyte disturbances. Vet Clin North Am 1977; 7: 487–496.
Barrett K, Barman S, Boitano S, et al. Section VI: cardiovascular physiology. In: Ganong's review of medical physiology. 23rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010;503–504.
Parham WA, Mehdirad AA, Biermann KM, et al. Hyperkalemia revisited. Tex Heart Inst J 2006; 33: 40–47.
Vassalle M, Hoffman BF. The spread of sinus activation during potassium administration. Circ Res 1965; 17: 285–295.
Norman BC, Côté E, Barrett KA. Wide-complex tachycardia associated with severe hyperkalemia in three cats. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8: 372–378.
Bainbridge FA. The influence of venous filling upon the rate of the heart. J Physiol 1915; 50: 65–84.
Hasking GJ, Esler MD, Jennings GL, et al. Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nervous activity. Circulation 1986; 73: 615–621.
Michaeli J, Bassan MM, Brezis M. Second degree type II and complete atrioventricular block due to hyperkalemia. J Electrocardiol 1986; 19: 393–396.
Ohmae M, Rabkin SW. Hyperkalemia-induced bundle branch block and complete heart block. Clin Cardiol 1981; 4: 43–46.
Bashour T, Hsu I, Gorfinkel HJ, et al. Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in hyperkalemia. Am J Cardiol 1975; 35: 199–203.
Tiberti G, Bana G, Bossi M. Complete atrioventricular block with unwidened QRS complex during hyperkalemia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21: 1480–1482.
Hollowell H, Mattu A, Perron AD, et al. Wide-complex tachycardia: beyond the traditional differential diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia vs. supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction. Am J Emerg Med 2005; 23: 876–889.
Advertisement