Cover Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
ISSN:
0003-1488
Publication Date:
01 Sep 2009
  • 1.

    Ekboir JM. Potential impact of foot-and-mouth disease in California: the role and contribution of animal health surveillance and monitoring services. Davis, Calif: University of California Agricultural Issues Center, 1999.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation (NASDARF). The Animal Health Safeguarding Review: results and recommendations. October 2001. Washington, DC: NASDA Research Foundation, 2001. Available at: www.nasda-hq.org/ASGRwebsite/FullBook.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Sellers RF. Quantitative aspects of the spread of foot and mouth disease. Vet Bull 1971;41:431–439.

  • 4.

    Parker R, Looper M, Mathis C, et al. Biosecurity on the beef and dairy operation. Guide B-121. Las Cruces, NM: Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, New Mexico State University, 2002.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Buhman M, Dewell G, Griffin D. Biosecurity basics for cattle operations and good management practices (GMP) for controlling infectious diseases. NebGuide G1411. Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension, 2005.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    California Beef Council. Facts for your file… California beef industry. Available at: www.calbeef.org/index/pdf/About%20the%20Beef%20Business.pdf. Accessed Apr 23, 2007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    California's agricultural exports: year 2005 data, from estimating California's agricultural exports. Table 1—California Agricultural Commodity Export Values and Rankings, 1995–2005. University of California Agricultural Issues Center. Available at: aic.ucdavis.edu/pub/exports.html. Accessed Apr 23, 2007.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Bates TW, Thurmond MC, Carpenter TE. Direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three California counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission (Erratum published in Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1477). Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1121–1129.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at: www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2002/index.asp. Accessed Aug 6, 2008.

  • 10.

    Pineda-Krch M, O'Brien J, Thunes C, et al. Potential impact of an introduction of foot-and-mouth disease from wild pigs into commercial swine and dairy premises in California. Am J Vet Res 2009;70:in press.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Carpenter TE, Christiansen LE, Dickey BF, et al. The potential impact of an introduction of foot-and-mouth disease into the California State Fair. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:1231–1235.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Thunes C, Carpenter TE. Biosecurity practices and travel history of individuals exhibiting livestock at the 2005 California State Fair. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:581–585.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Advertisement

Results of a survey to estimate cattle movements and contact rates among beef herds in California, with reference to the potential spread and control of foot-and-mouth disease

Edith S. MarshallCenter for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Edith S. Marshall in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
 DVM, MPVM, DACVPM
,
Tim E. CarpenterCenter for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Tim E. Carpenter in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
 PhD
, and
Clair ThunesCenter for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Clair Thunes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMedClose
 PhD
View More View Less
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.235.5.573
Volume/Issue:
Volume 235: Issue 5
Online Publication Date:
01 Sep 2009
Restricted access
Sign In Reprints and Permissions Purchase Article

Abstract

Objective—To estimate contact rates and movement variables for shipments of beef cattle to and from producer premises in California.

Design—Cross-sectional survey.

Sample Population—583 beef producers in California.

Procedures—Questionnaires were developed and distributed to beef cattle producers in California. The study period was from April 20, 2005, through September 7, 2006. Data from completed questionnaires were entered manually into an electronic format. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed.

Results—Median number of interstate animal movements (movement of cattle into or out of California) was 0.17/mo; on the basis of this median, beef cattle were moved interstate > 2 times/y. Respondents kept beef cattle at up to 5 locations throughout the year. More than 40% of the movements from the respondents' premises were to a sale yard or auction facility.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Frequency of animal movements in this statewide study differed from values in another study of monthly shipments of animals to and from beef operations in 3 counties of California. The survey reported here revealed more frequent movements of animals to and from beef operations of all sizes. In addition, there were more high-risk indirect contacts on beef operations than has been reported previously. However, the number of low-risk indirect contacts was similar for small beef operations but less for large beef operations than has been reported elsewhere. Epidemic simulation models for California based on data in earlier studies likely underpredicted disease transmission involving beef herds.

Abstract

Objective—To estimate contact rates and movement variables for shipments of beef cattle to and from producer premises in California.

Design—Cross-sectional survey.

Sample Population—583 beef producers in California.

Procedures—Questionnaires were developed and distributed to beef cattle producers in California. The study period was from April 20, 2005, through September 7, 2006. Data from completed questionnaires were entered manually into an electronic format. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed.

Results—Median number of interstate animal movements (movement of cattle into or out of California) was 0.17/mo; on the basis of this median, beef cattle were moved interstate > 2 times/y. Respondents kept beef cattle at up to 5 locations throughout the year. More than 40% of the movements from the respondents' premises were to a sale yard or auction facility.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Frequency of animal movements in this statewide study differed from values in another study of monthly shipments of animals to and from beef operations in 3 counties of California. The survey reported here revealed more frequent movements of animals to and from beef operations of all sizes. In addition, there were more high-risk indirect contacts on beef operations than has been reported previously. However, the number of low-risk indirect contacts was similar for small beef operations but less for large beef operations than has been reported elsewhere. Epidemic simulation models for California based on data in earlier studies likely underpredicted disease transmission involving beef herds.

Contributor Notes

Supported by the Department of Homeland Security and the National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense.

Address correspondence to Dr. Carpenter.