Authors
, , , , , and
Advertisement
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Timoney JF, Gillespie JH, Scott FW, et al. Hagan and Bruner's microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals. 8th ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988;62.
-
2.
Braam P. Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli. In: Heymann DL, editor. Control of communicable diseases manual. 18th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2004;160–161.
-
3.
Ochoa TJ, Cleary TG. Epidemiology and spectrum of disease of Escherichia coli O157. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16:259–263.
-
4.
Mainil J. Shiga/verocytotoxins and Shiga/verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in animals. Vet Res 1999;30:235–257.
-
5.
CDC. Escherichia coli O157:H7: general information. Available at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm. Accessed Sept 12, 2006.
-
6.
Dundus S, Todd WT, Stewart AI, et al. The central Scotland Escherichia coli O157 outbreak: risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome and death among hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:923–931.
-
7.
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:607–625.
-
8.
Spika JS, Khakhria R, Michel P, et al. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Canada. In: Kaper JB, O'Brien AD, eds. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E coli strains. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998;23–29.
-
9.
Gerber A, Karch H, Allerberger F, et al. Clinical course and the role of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in pediatric patients, 1997–2000, in Germany and Austria: A prospective study. J Infect Dis 2002;186:493–500.
-
10.
Geue L, Segura-Alvarez M, Conraths FJ, et al. A long-term study on the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on four German cattle farms. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:173–185.
-
11.
Elliott EJ, Robins-Browne RM, O'Loughlin EV, et al. Nationwide study of hemolytic uremic syndrome: clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological features. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:125–131.
-
12.
CDC. Laboratory-confirmed non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli—Connecticut, 2000–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:29–31.
-
13.
Beutin L. Emerging enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, causes and effects of the rise of a human pathogen. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2006;53:299–305.
-
14.
Pritchard GC, Williamson S, Carson T, et al. Wild rabbits—a novel vector for verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157. Vet Rec 2001;149:567.
-
15.
Stevens MP, van Diemen PM, Dziva F, et al. Options for the control of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in ruminants. Microbiology 2002;148:3767–3778.
-
16.
Pruimboom-Brees IM, Morgan TW, Ackermann MR, et al. Cattle lack vascular receptors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:10325–10329.
-
17.
Gyles CL. Pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control of VTEC infection in the cattle industry. 2004. Available at: www.ivis.org/proceedings/wbc/wbc2004/WBC2004-Gylessimple.pdf. Accessed Oct 24, 2007.
-
18.
Hoey DEE, Currie C, Else RW, et al. Expression of receptors for verotoxin 1 from Escherichia coli O157 on bovine intestinal epithelium. J Med Microbiol 2002;51:143–149.
-
19.
Sanchez S, Lee MD, Harmon BG, et al. Animal issues associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1122–1126.
-
20.
Cray WCJ, Moon HW. Experimental infection of calves and adult cattle with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:1586–1590.
-
21.
Zhao T, Doyle MP, Harmon BG, et al. Reduction of carriage of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle by inoculation with probiotic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:641–647.
-
22.
Sanderson MW, Besser TE, Gay JM, et al. Fecal Eshcerichia coli O157:H7 shedding patterns of orally inoculated calves. Vet Microbiol 1999;69:199–205.
-
23.
Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. The epidemiology of infection caused by Escherichia coli O157, other enterohemorrhagic E coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Epidemiol Rev 1991;13:607–698.
-
24.
CDC. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of foodborne illnesses—selected sites, United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:241–246.
-
25.
CDC. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food—10 states, United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:392–395.
-
26.
CDC. FoodNet Annual Report, 2003. 2006; Available at: www.cdc.gov/foodnet/reports.htm. Accessed Jan 18, 2007.
-
27.
Maule A. Survival of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in soil, water and on surfaces. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol 2000;71S–78S.
-
28.
Thomas KM, Charron DF, Waltner-Toews D, et al. A role of high impact weather events in waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada, 1975–2001. Int J Environ Health Res 2006;16:167–180.
-
29.
Michino H, Araki K, Minami S, et al. Massive outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in schoolchildren in Sakai City, Japan associated with consumption of white radish sprouts. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:787–796.
-
30.
Gourmelon M, Montet MP, Lozach S, et al. First isolation of Shiga toxin 1d producing Escherichia coli variant strains in shellfish from coastal areas in France. J Appl Microbiol 2006;100:85–97.
-
31.
Ejidokun OO, Walsh A, Barnett J, et al. Human Vero cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 infection linked to birds. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:421–423.
-
32.
Nielsen EM, Skov MN, Madsen JJ, et al. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in wild birds and rodents in close proximity to farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70:6944–6947.
-
33.
Keen JE, Wittum TE, Dunn JR, et al. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural fair livestock, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:780–786.
-
34.
Rangel JM, Sparling PH, Crowe C, et al. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982-2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:603–609.
-
35.
Ramotar K, Henderson E, Szumski R, et al. Impact of free verotoxin testing on epidemiology of diarrhea caused by verotoxinproducing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1114–1120.
-
36.
Dawson A, Griffen R, Fleetwood A, et al. Farm visits and zoonoses. Communicable Disease Report CDR Review 1995;5:R81–R86.
-
37.
Kassenborg HD, Hedberg CW, Hoekstra M, et al. Farm visits and undercooked hamburgers as major risk factors for sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: Data from a case-control study in 5 FoodNet sites. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38 (supp 3):S271–S278.
-
38.
CDC. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among children associated with farm visits—Pennsylvania and Washington, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:293–297.
-
39.
Bender JB, Shulman SA. Animals in Public Contact subcommittee of the National Association of American of State Public Health Veterinarians. Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1105–1109.
-
40.
LeJeune JT, Davis MA. Outbreaks of zoonotic enteric disease associated with animal exhibits. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1440–1445.
-
41.
Renwick SA, Wilson JB, Clarke RC, et al. Evidence of direct transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection between calves and a human. J Infect Dis 1993;168:792–793.
-
42.
Steinmuller N, Demma L, Bender JB, et al. Outbreaks of enteric disease associated with animal contact: not just a foodborne problem anymore. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1596–602.
-
43.
Crump JA, Sulka AC, Langer AJ, et al. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among visitors to a dairy farm. N Engl J Med 2002;347:555–560.
-
44.
Smith KE, Stenzel SA, Bender JB, et al. Outbreaks of enteric infections caused by multiple pathogens associated with calves at a farm day camp. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:1098–1104.
-
45.
Crump JA, Braden CR, Dey ME, et al. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 infections at multiple county agricultural fairs: a hazard of mixing cattle, concession stands and children. Epidemiol Infect 2003;13:1055–1062.
-
46.
Durso LM, Reynolds K, Bauer N Jr, et al. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among livestock exhibitors and visitors at a Texas County Fair. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005;5:193–201.
-
47.
Karmali MA, Petric M, Winkler M, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin 1. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1457–1463.
-
48.
Reymond D, Johnson RP, Karmali MA, et al. Neutralizing antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin 1 and antibodies to O157 lipopolysaccharide in healthy farm family members and urban residents. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2053–2057.
-
49.
Rahn K, Renwick SA, Johnson RP, et al. Follow-up study of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1139–1140.
-
50.
Wilson J, Spika J, Clarke R, et al. Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. Can Commun Dis Rep 1998;24:17–20.
-
51.
CDC. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with petting zoos—North Carolina, Florida, and Arizona, 2004 and 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:1277–1280.
-
52.
CDC. Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54(RR04):1–12.
-
53.
O'Brien SJ, Adak GK, Gilham C. Contact with farming environment as a major risk factor for Shiga toxin (Vero cytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection in humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:1049–1051.
-
54.
Locking ME, O'Brien SJ, Reilly WJ, et al. Risk factors for sporadic cases of Escherichia coli O157 infection: the importance of contact with animal excreta. Epidemiol Infect 2001;127:215–220.
-
55.
Parry SM, Salmon RL, Willshaw GA, et al. Risk factors for and prevention of sporadic infections with Vero cytotoxin (Shiga toxin) producing Escherichia coli O157. Lancet 1998;351:1019–1022.
-
56.
Davis MA, Cloud-Hansen KA, Carpenter J, et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environments of culture-positive cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:6816–6822.
-
57.
Williams AP, Avery LM, Killham K, et al. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157 on farm surfaces under different environmental conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2005;98:1075–1083.
-
58.
Haus-Cheymol R, Espie E, Che D, et al. Association between indicators of cattle density and incidence of pediatric hemolyticuremic syndrome (HUS) in children under 15 years of age in France between 1996 and 2001: an ecological study. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:712–718.
-
59.
Michel P, Wilson JB, Martin SW, et al. Temporal and geographical distributions of reported cases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Ontario. Epidemiol Infect 1999;122:193–200.
-
60.
Valcour JE, Michel P, McEwen SA, et al. Associations between indicators of livestock farming intensity and incidence of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:252–257.
-
61.
Grif K, Orth D, Lederer I, et al. Importance of environmental transmission in cases of EHEC O157 causing hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:268–271.
-
62.
Howie H, Mukerjee A, Cowden J, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection caused by environmental exposure at a scout camp. Epidemiol Infect 2003;131:1063–1069.
-
63.
CDC. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter among attendees of the Washington County Fair-New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:803–805.
-
64.
Varma JK, Greene KD, Reller ME, et al. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building. J Am Med Assoc 2003;290:2709–2712.
-
65.
Elder RO, Keen JE, Siragusa GR, et al. Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:2999–3003.
-
66.
Chapman PA, Wright DJ, Siddons CA. A comparison of immunomagnetic separation and direct culture for the isolation of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from bovine feces. J Med Microbiol 1994;40:424–427.
-
67.
Chapman PA, Malo AT, Siddons CA, et al. Use of commercial enzyme immunoassays and immunomagnetic separation systems for detecting Escherichia coli O157 in bovine fecal samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:2549–2553.
-
68.
Gannon VP, Graham TA, King R, et al. Escherichia coli O157: H7 infection in cows and calves in a beef cattle herd in Alberta, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:163–172.
-
69.
Matthews L, Low JC, Gally DL, et al. Heterogeneous shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and its implications for control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:547–552.
-
70.
Pradel N, Livrelli V, De Champs C, et al. Prevalence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, food, and children during a one-year prospective study in France. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1023–1031.
-
71.
Fischer JR, Zhao T, Doyle MP, et al. Experimental and field studies of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:1218–1224.
-
72.
Sargeant JM, Hafer DJ, Gillespie JR, et al. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer sharing rangeland with cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:792–794.
-
73.
Renter DG, Sargeant JM, Hyngstorm SE, et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging deer in Nebraska. J Wildl Dis 2001;37:755–760.
-
74.
Shere JA, Bartlett KJ, Kaspar CW. Longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 dissemination on four dairy farms in Wisconsin. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998;64:1390–1399.
-
75.
Cho S, Diez-Gonzalez F, Fossler CP, et al. Prevalence of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteria and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms and county fairs. Vet Microbiol 2006;118:289–298.
-
76.
Minority Staff of the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry for Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA). Animal waste pollution in America: an emerging national problem. 2001; Available at: www.p2pays.org/ref/16/15459.htm. Accessed Feb 20, 2007.
-
77.
Johnson RP, Cray WC Jr, Johnson ST. Serum antibody responses of cattle following experimental infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 1996;64:1879–1873.
-
78.
Wray C, McLaren IM, Randall LP, et al. Natural and experimental infection of normal cattle with Escherichia coli O157. Vet Rec 2000;147:65–68.
-
79.
Dean-Nystrom EA, Gansheroff LJ, Mills M, et al. Vaccination of pregnant dams with intimin (O157) protects suckling piglets from Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Infect Immun 2002;70:2414–2418.
-
80.
Potter AA, Klashinsky S, Li Y, et al. Decreased shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle following vaccination with type III secreted proteins. Vaccine 2004;22:362–369.
-
81.
Zhao T, Tkalcic S, Doyle MP, et al. Pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in neonatal calves and evaluation of fecal shedding by treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2003;66:924–930.
-
82.
Tkalcic S, Zhao T, Harmon BG, et al. Fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2003;66:1184–1189.
-
83.
Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Edrington TS, et al. What are we doing about Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle?. J Anim Sci 2004;82 (E-suppl):E93–E99.
-
84.
Andreasen CB, Spickler AR, Jones BE. Swedish antimicrobial regulations and their impact on food animal production. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:41–45.
-
85.
Elder RO, Keen JE, Wittum TE, et al. Intervention to reduce fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in naturally infected cattle using neomycin sulfate. J Anim Sci 2002;80 (supp 1):151.
-
86.
Ransom JR, Belk KE. Investigation of on-farm management practices as pre-harvest beef microbiological interventions project summary. 2003. Available at: hill.beef.org/uDocs/ACF3A9B.pdf. Accessed Mar 11, 2007.
-
87.
Sawant AA, Hegde NV, Straley BA, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria from dairy cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:156–163.
-
88.
Fitzgerald AC, Edrington TS, Looper ML, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and factors affecting the shedding of E coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in dairy cattle. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003;37:392–398.
-
89.
Sato K, Bartlett PC, Saeed MA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:589–594.
-
90.
Osterblad M, Hakanen A, Manninen R, et al. A between-species comparison of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteria in fecal flora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1479–1484.
-
91.
Oppegaard H, Steinum TM, Wasteson Y. Horizontal transfer of a multi-drug resistance plasmid between coliform bacteria of human and bovine origin in a farm environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:3732–3734.
-
92.
Kudva IT, Jelacic S, Tarr PI, et al. Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157 with O157-specific bacteriophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:3767–3773.
-
93.
Bach SJ, McAllister TA, Veira DM, et al. Effect of bacteriophage DC22 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in an artificial rumen system (Rusitec) and inoculated sheep. Anim Res 2003;52:89–101.
-
94.
Murinda SE, Roberts RF, Wilson RA. Evaluation of colicins for inhibitory activity against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, including serotype O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996;62:3196–3202.
-
95.
Callaway TR, Stahl CH, Edrington TS, et al. Colicin concentrations inhibit growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro. J Food Prot 2004;67:2603–2607.
-
96.
Raya RR, Varey P, Oot RA, et al. Isolation and characterization of a new T-even bacteriophage, CEV1, and determination of its potential to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:6405–6410.
-
97.
Stewart V. Nitrate respiration in relation to facultative metabolism in enterobacteria. Microbiol Rev 1988;52:190–232.
-
98.
Anderson RC, Callaway TR, Buckley SA, et al. Effect of oral sodium chlorate administration on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the gut of experimentally infected pigs. Int J Food Microbiol 2001;71:125–130.
-
99.
Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Genovese KJ, et al. Sodium chlorate supplementation reduces E coli O157:H7 populations in cattle. J Anim Sci 2002;80:1683–1689.
-
100.
Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in sheep can be reduced by chlorate supplementation. J Food Prot 2003;66:194–199.
-
101.
Evans RR, Best TF, Ivy RL, et al. Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) supplementation for backgrounding weanling or purchased calves. Annual report of the North Mississippi Research & Extension Center, MAFES Information Bulletin, 2002. Available at: msucares.com/nmrec/reports/2001/beef/seaweed.pdf. Accessed Jul 12, 2007.
-
102.
Montgomery JL, Allen VG, Pond KR, et al. Tasco-Forage: IV. Influence of a seaweed extract applied to tall fescue pastures on sensory characteristics, shelf-life, and vitamin E status in feedlot-finished steers. J Anim Sci 2001;79:884–894.
-
103.
Fike JH, Allen VG, Schmidt RE, et al. Tasco-Forage: I. Influence of a seaweed extract on antioxidant activity in tall fescue and in ruminants. J Anim Sci 2001;79:1011–1021.
-
104.
Saker KE, Allen VG, Fontenot JP, et al. Tasco-Forage: II. Monocyte immune cell response and performance of beef steers grazing tall fescue treated with a seaweed extract. J Anim Sci 2001;79:1022–1031.
-
105.
Saker KE, Fike JH, Veit H, et al. Brown seaweed-(Tasco) treated conserved forage enhances antioxidant status and immune function in heat-stressed wether lambs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2004;88:122–130.
-
106.
McAllister T. Evaluation of the ability of a seaweed extract (Tasco-14) to reduce the duration and intensity of fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and total E coli by cattle. 2006; Available at: www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/research/foodsafety/2003/sf6036.htm. Accessed Mar 12, 2007.
-
107.
Braden KW, Blanton JRJ, Allen VG, et al. Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation: a preharvest intervention for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in feedlot steers. J Food Prot 2004;67:1824–1828.
-
108.
Renter DG, Sargeant JM, Oberst RD, et al. Diversity, frequency, and persistence of Escherichia coli O157 strains from range cattle environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:542–547.
-
109.
Hancock DD, Besser TE, Rice DH, et al. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlots and dairy farms in the northwestern USA. Prev Vet Med 1998;35:11–19.
-
110.
LeJeune JT, Besser TE, Hancock DD. Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:3053–3057.
-
111.
Callaway TR, Elder RO, Keen JE, et al. Forage feeding to reduce preharvest Escherichia coli populations in cattle, a review. J Dairy Sci 2003;86:852–860.
-
112.
Buchko SJ, Holley RA, Olson WO, et al. The effect of different grain diets on fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by steers. J Food Prot 2000;63:1467–1474.
-
113.
Diez-Gonzalez F, Callaway TR, Kizoulis MG, et al. Grain feeding and the dissemination of acid-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle. Science 1998;281:1666–1668.
-
114.
Omisakin F, MacRae M, Ogden ID, et al. Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle feces at slaughter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:2444–2447.
-
115.
Goode B, O'Reilly C. Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing E coli (STEC) infections associated with a petting zoo at the North Carolina State Fair—Raleigh, North Carolina, November 2004: final report. 2005. Available at: www.epi.state.nc.us/epi/gcdc/ecoli/EColiReportFinal062905.pdf. Accessed Mar 31, 2007.
-
116.
CDC. Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:1–13.
Advertisement
Direct and indirect zoonotic transmission of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli
Heather Henderson
DVM, MPH
Heather Henderson
Master of Public Health Program, Division of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858.
Search for other papers by Heather Henderson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Heather Henderson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Contributor Notes
Dr. Henderson's present address is Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Timoney JF, Gillespie JH, Scott FW, et al. Hagan and Bruner's microbiology and infectious diseases of domestic animals. 8th ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988;62.
-
2.
Braam P. Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli. In: Heymann DL, editor. Control of communicable diseases manual. 18th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2004;160–161.
-
3.
Ochoa TJ, Cleary TG. Epidemiology and spectrum of disease of Escherichia coli O157. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16:259–263.
-
4.
Mainil J. Shiga/verocytotoxins and Shiga/verotoxigenic Escherichia coli in animals. Vet Res 1999;30:235–257.
-
5.
CDC. Escherichia coli O157:H7: general information. Available at: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm. Accessed Sept 12, 2006.
-
6.
Dundus S, Todd WT, Stewart AI, et al. The central Scotland Escherichia coli O157 outbreak: risk factors for the hemolytic uremic syndrome and death among hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:923–931.
-
7.
Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:607–625.
-
8.
Spika JS, Khakhria R, Michel P, et al. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Canada. In: Kaper JB, O'Brien AD, eds. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E coli strains. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998;23–29.
-
9.
Gerber A, Karch H, Allerberger F, et al. Clinical course and the role of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in pediatric patients, 1997–2000, in Germany and Austria: A prospective study. J Infect Dis 2002;186:493–500.
-
10.
Geue L, Segura-Alvarez M, Conraths FJ, et al. A long-term study on the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on four German cattle farms. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:173–185.
-
11.
Elliott EJ, Robins-Browne RM, O'Loughlin EV, et al. Nationwide study of hemolytic uremic syndrome: clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological features. Arch Dis Child 2001;85:125–131.
-
12.
CDC. Laboratory-confirmed non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli—Connecticut, 2000–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:29–31.
-
13.
Beutin L. Emerging enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, causes and effects of the rise of a human pathogen. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2006;53:299–305.
-
14.
Pritchard GC, Williamson S, Carson T, et al. Wild rabbits—a novel vector for verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157. Vet Rec 2001;149:567.
-
15.
Stevens MP, van Diemen PM, Dziva F, et al. Options for the control of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in ruminants. Microbiology 2002;148:3767–3778.
-
16.
Pruimboom-Brees IM, Morgan TW, Ackermann MR, et al. Cattle lack vascular receptors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:10325–10329.
-
17.
Gyles CL. Pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control of VTEC infection in the cattle industry. 2004. Available at: www.ivis.org/proceedings/wbc/wbc2004/WBC2004-Gylessimple.pdf. Accessed Oct 24, 2007.
-
18.
Hoey DEE, Currie C, Else RW, et al. Expression of receptors for verotoxin 1 from Escherichia coli O157 on bovine intestinal epithelium. J Med Microbiol 2002;51:143–149.
-
19.
Sanchez S, Lee MD, Harmon BG, et al. Animal issues associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1122–1126.
-
20.
Cray WCJ, Moon HW. Experimental infection of calves and adult cattle with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:1586–1590.
-
21.
Zhao T, Doyle MP, Harmon BG, et al. Reduction of carriage of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle by inoculation with probiotic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:641–647.
-
22.
Sanderson MW, Besser TE, Gay JM, et al. Fecal Eshcerichia coli O157:H7 shedding patterns of orally inoculated calves. Vet Microbiol 1999;69:199–205.
-
23.
Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. The epidemiology of infection caused by Escherichia coli O157, other enterohemorrhagic E coli, and the associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Epidemiol Rev 1991;13:607–698.
-
24.
CDC. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of foodborne illnesses—selected sites, United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:241–246.
-
25.
CDC. Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food—10 states, United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:392–395.
-
26.
CDC. FoodNet Annual Report, 2003. 2006; Available at: www.cdc.gov/foodnet/reports.htm. Accessed Jan 18, 2007.
-
27.
Maule A. Survival of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in soil, water and on surfaces. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol 2000;71S–78S.
-
28.
Thomas KM, Charron DF, Waltner-Toews D, et al. A role of high impact weather events in waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada, 1975–2001. Int J Environ Health Res 2006;16:167–180.
-
29.
Michino H, Araki K, Minami S, et al. Massive outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in schoolchildren in Sakai City, Japan associated with consumption of white radish sprouts. Am J Epidemiol 1999;150:787–796.
-
30.
Gourmelon M, Montet MP, Lozach S, et al. First isolation of Shiga toxin 1d producing Escherichia coli variant strains in shellfish from coastal areas in France. J Appl Microbiol 2006;100:85–97.
-
31.
Ejidokun OO, Walsh A, Barnett J, et al. Human Vero cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 infection linked to birds. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:421–423.
-
32.
Nielsen EM, Skov MN, Madsen JJ, et al. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in wild birds and rodents in close proximity to farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70:6944–6947.
-
33.
Keen JE, Wittum TE, Dunn JR, et al. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in agricultural fair livestock, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:780–786.
-
34.
Rangel JM, Sparling PH, Crowe C, et al. Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982-2002. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:603–609.
-
35.
Ramotar K, Henderson E, Szumski R, et al. Impact of free verotoxin testing on epidemiology of diarrhea caused by verotoxinproducing Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1114–1120.
-
36.
Dawson A, Griffen R, Fleetwood A, et al. Farm visits and zoonoses. Communicable Disease Report CDR Review 1995;5:R81–R86.
-
37.
Kassenborg HD, Hedberg CW, Hoekstra M, et al. Farm visits and undercooked hamburgers as major risk factors for sporadic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: Data from a case-control study in 5 FoodNet sites. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38 (supp 3):S271–S278.
-
38.
CDC. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among children associated with farm visits—Pennsylvania and Washington, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50:293–297.
-
39.
Bender JB, Shulman SA. Animals in Public Contact subcommittee of the National Association of American of State Public Health Veterinarians. Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1105–1109.
-
40.
LeJeune JT, Davis MA. Outbreaks of zoonotic enteric disease associated with animal exhibits. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1440–1445.
-
41.
Renwick SA, Wilson JB, Clarke RC, et al. Evidence of direct transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection between calves and a human. J Infect Dis 1993;168:792–793.
-
42.
Steinmuller N, Demma L, Bender JB, et al. Outbreaks of enteric disease associated with animal contact: not just a foodborne problem anymore. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1596–602.
-
43.
Crump JA, Sulka AC, Langer AJ, et al. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among visitors to a dairy farm. N Engl J Med 2002;347:555–560.
-
44.
Smith KE, Stenzel SA, Bender JB, et al. Outbreaks of enteric infections caused by multiple pathogens associated with calves at a farm day camp. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:1098–1104.
-
45.
Crump JA, Braden CR, Dey ME, et al. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 infections at multiple county agricultural fairs: a hazard of mixing cattle, concession stands and children. Epidemiol Infect 2003;13:1055–1062.
-
46.
Durso LM, Reynolds K, Bauer N Jr, et al. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections among livestock exhibitors and visitors at a Texas County Fair. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005;5:193–201.
-
47.
Karmali MA, Petric M, Winkler M, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin 1. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1457–1463.
-
48.
Reymond D, Johnson RP, Karmali MA, et al. Neutralizing antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin 1 and antibodies to O157 lipopolysaccharide in healthy farm family members and urban residents. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2053–2057.
-
49.
Rahn K, Renwick SA, Johnson RP, et al. Follow-up study of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1139–1140.
-
50.
Wilson J, Spika J, Clarke R, et al. Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. Can Commun Dis Rep 1998;24:17–20.
-
51.
CDC. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with petting zoos—North Carolina, Florida, and Arizona, 2004 and 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:1277–1280.
-
52.
CDC. Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54(RR04):1–12.
-
53.
O'Brien SJ, Adak GK, Gilham C. Contact with farming environment as a major risk factor for Shiga toxin (Vero cytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection in humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:1049–1051.
-
54.
Locking ME, O'Brien SJ, Reilly WJ, et al. Risk factors for sporadic cases of Escherichia coli O157 infection: the importance of contact with animal excreta. Epidemiol Infect 2001;127:215–220.
-
55.
Parry SM, Salmon RL, Willshaw GA, et al. Risk factors for and prevention of sporadic infections with Vero cytotoxin (Shiga toxin) producing Escherichia coli O157. Lancet 1998;351:1019–1022.
-
56.
Davis MA, Cloud-Hansen KA, Carpenter J, et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environments of culture-positive cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:6816–6822.
-
57.
Williams AP, Avery LM, Killham K, et al. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157 on farm surfaces under different environmental conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2005;98:1075–1083.
-
58.
Haus-Cheymol R, Espie E, Che D, et al. Association between indicators of cattle density and incidence of pediatric hemolyticuremic syndrome (HUS) in children under 15 years of age in France between 1996 and 2001: an ecological study. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:712–718.
-
59.
Michel P, Wilson JB, Martin SW, et al. Temporal and geographical distributions of reported cases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Ontario. Epidemiol Infect 1999;122:193–200.
-
60.
Valcour JE, Michel P, McEwen SA, et al. Associations between indicators of livestock farming intensity and incidence of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:252–257.
-
61.
Grif K, Orth D, Lederer I, et al. Importance of environmental transmission in cases of EHEC O157 causing hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:268–271.
-
62.
Howie H, Mukerjee A, Cowden J, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection caused by environmental exposure at a scout camp. Epidemiol Infect 2003;131:1063–1069.
-
63.
CDC. Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter among attendees of the Washington County Fair-New York, 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:803–805.
-
64.
Varma JK, Greene KD, Reller ME, et al. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building. J Am Med Assoc 2003;290:2709–2712.
-
65.
Elder RO, Keen JE, Siragusa GR, et al. Correlation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 prevalence in feces, hides, and carcasses of beef cattle during processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:2999–3003.
-
66.
Chapman PA, Wright DJ, Siddons CA. A comparison of immunomagnetic separation and direct culture for the isolation of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 from bovine feces. J Med Microbiol 1994;40:424–427.
-
67.
Chapman PA, Malo AT, Siddons CA, et al. Use of commercial enzyme immunoassays and immunomagnetic separation systems for detecting Escherichia coli O157 in bovine fecal samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:2549–2553.
-
68.
Gannon VP, Graham TA, King R, et al. Escherichia coli O157: H7 infection in cows and calves in a beef cattle herd in Alberta, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:163–172.
-
69.
Matthews L, Low JC, Gally DL, et al. Heterogeneous shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and its implications for control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:547–552.
-
70.
Pradel N, Livrelli V, De Champs C, et al. Prevalence and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, food, and children during a one-year prospective study in France. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:1023–1031.
-
71.
Fischer JR, Zhao T, Doyle MP, et al. Experimental and field studies of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:1218–1224.
-
72.
Sargeant JM, Hafer DJ, Gillespie JR, et al. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in white-tailed deer sharing rangeland with cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:792–794.
-
73.
Renter DG, Sargeant JM, Hyngstorm SE, et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging deer in Nebraska. J Wildl Dis 2001;37:755–760.
-
74.
Shere JA, Bartlett KJ, Kaspar CW. Longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157:H7 dissemination on four dairy farms in Wisconsin. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998;64:1390–1399.
-
75.
Cho S, Diez-Gonzalez F, Fossler CP, et al. Prevalence of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteria and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms and county fairs. Vet Microbiol 2006;118:289–298.
-
76.
Minority Staff of the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry for Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA). Animal waste pollution in America: an emerging national problem. 2001; Available at: www.p2pays.org/ref/16/15459.htm. Accessed Feb 20, 2007.
-
77.
Johnson RP, Cray WC Jr, Johnson ST. Serum antibody responses of cattle following experimental infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 1996;64:1879–1873.
-
78.
Wray C, McLaren IM, Randall LP, et al. Natural and experimental infection of normal cattle with Escherichia coli O157. Vet Rec 2000;147:65–68.
-
79.
Dean-Nystrom EA, Gansheroff LJ, Mills M, et al. Vaccination of pregnant dams with intimin (O157) protects suckling piglets from Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Infect Immun 2002;70:2414–2418.
-
80.
Potter AA, Klashinsky S, Li Y, et al. Decreased shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle following vaccination with type III secreted proteins. Vaccine 2004;22:362–369.
-
81.
Zhao T, Tkalcic S, Doyle MP, et al. Pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in neonatal calves and evaluation of fecal shedding by treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2003;66:924–930.
-
82.
Tkalcic S, Zhao T, Harmon BG, et al. Fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2003;66:1184–1189.
-
83.
Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Edrington TS, et al. What are we doing about Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle?. J Anim Sci 2004;82 (E-suppl):E93–E99.
-
84.
Andreasen CB, Spickler AR, Jones BE. Swedish antimicrobial regulations and their impact on food animal production. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:41–45.
-
85.
Elder RO, Keen JE, Wittum TE, et al. Intervention to reduce fecal shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in naturally infected cattle using neomycin sulfate. J Anim Sci 2002;80 (supp 1):151.
-
86.
Ransom JR, Belk KE. Investigation of on-farm management practices as pre-harvest beef microbiological interventions project summary. 2003. Available at: hill.beef.org/uDocs/ACF3A9B.pdf. Accessed Mar 11, 2007.
-
87.
Sawant AA, Hegde NV, Straley BA, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria from dairy cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:156–163.
-
88.
Fitzgerald AC, Edrington TS, Looper ML, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and factors affecting the shedding of E coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in dairy cattle. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003;37:392–398.
-
89.
Sato K, Bartlett PC, Saeed MA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:589–594.
-
90.
Osterblad M, Hakanen A, Manninen R, et al. A between-species comparison of antimicrobial resistance in enterobacteria in fecal flora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1479–1484.
-
91.
Oppegaard H, Steinum TM, Wasteson Y. Horizontal transfer of a multi-drug resistance plasmid between coliform bacteria of human and bovine origin in a farm environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001;67:3732–3734.
-
92.
Kudva IT, Jelacic S, Tarr PI, et al. Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157 with O157-specific bacteriophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:3767–3773.
-
93.
Bach SJ, McAllister TA, Veira DM, et al. Effect of bacteriophage DC22 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in an artificial rumen system (Rusitec) and inoculated sheep. Anim Res 2003;52:89–101.
-
94.
Murinda SE, Roberts RF, Wilson RA. Evaluation of colicins for inhibitory activity against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, including serotype O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996;62:3196–3202.
-
95.
Callaway TR, Stahl CH, Edrington TS, et al. Colicin concentrations inhibit growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro. J Food Prot 2004;67:2603–2607.
-
96.
Raya RR, Varey P, Oot RA, et al. Isolation and characterization of a new T-even bacteriophage, CEV1, and determination of its potential to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels in sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006;72:6405–6410.
-
97.
Stewart V. Nitrate respiration in relation to facultative metabolism in enterobacteria. Microbiol Rev 1988;52:190–232.
-
98.
Anderson RC, Callaway TR, Buckley SA, et al. Effect of oral sodium chlorate administration on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the gut of experimentally infected pigs. Int J Food Microbiol 2001;71:125–130.
-
99.
Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Genovese KJ, et al. Sodium chlorate supplementation reduces E coli O157:H7 populations in cattle. J Anim Sci 2002;80:1683–1689.
-
100.
Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, et al. Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in sheep can be reduced by chlorate supplementation. J Food Prot 2003;66:194–199.
-
101.
Evans RR, Best TF, Ivy RL, et al. Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) supplementation for backgrounding weanling or purchased calves. Annual report of the North Mississippi Research & Extension Center, MAFES Information Bulletin, 2002. Available at: msucares.com/nmrec/reports/2001/beef/seaweed.pdf. Accessed Jul 12, 2007.
-
102.
Montgomery JL, Allen VG, Pond KR, et al. Tasco-Forage: IV. Influence of a seaweed extract applied to tall fescue pastures on sensory characteristics, shelf-life, and vitamin E status in feedlot-finished steers. J Anim Sci 2001;79:884–894.
-
103.
Fike JH, Allen VG, Schmidt RE, et al. Tasco-Forage: I. Influence of a seaweed extract on antioxidant activity in tall fescue and in ruminants. J Anim Sci 2001;79:1011–1021.
-
104.