Advertisement
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Crichton RR, Wilmet S, Legssyer R, et al. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of iron homeostasis and toxicity in mammalian cells. J Inorg Biochem 2002;91:9–18.
-
2.
Kincaid AL, Stoskopf MK. Passerine dietary iron overload syndrome. Zoo Biol 1987;6:79–88.
-
3.
Dorrestein GM, de Sa L, Ratiarison S, et al. Iron in the liver of animals in the zoo: a pathologist's point of view. In: Niboer J, Hatt JM, Kaumanns W, et al, eds. Zoo animal nutrition. Furth, Germany: Finlander Verlag, 2000;291–299.
-
4.
Lowenstine LJ, Munson L. Avian medicine: iron overload in the animal kingdom. In: Fowler ME, Miller RE, eds. Zoo and wild animal medicine: current therapy 4. Vol 4. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1999;260–268.
-
5.
Kock N, Foggin C, Kock MD, et al. Hemosiderosis in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis): a comparison of free-ranging and recently captured with translocated and captive animals. J Zoo Wildl Med 1992;23:230–234.
-
6.
Miller GF, Barnard DE, Woodward RA, et al. Hepatic hemosiderosis in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: effect of diet on incidence and severity. Lab Anim Sci 1997;47:138–142.
-
7.
Borch-Iohnsen B, Olsson KS, Nilssen KJ. Seasonal siderosis in Svalbard Reindeer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;526:355–356.
-
8.
Gosselin SJ, Kramer LW. Pathophysiology of excessive iron storage in mynah birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983;183:1238–1240.
-
9.
Wadsworth PF, Jones DM, Pugsley SL. Hepatic hemosiderosis in birds at the Zoological Society of London. Avian Pathol 1983;12:319–330.
-
10.
Spelman LH, Osborn KG, Anderson MP. Pathogenesis of hemosiderosis in lemurs: role of dietary iron, tannin, and ascorbic acid. Zoo Biol 1989;8:239–251.
-
11.
Gonzales J, Benirschke K, Saltman P, et al. Hemosiderosis in lemurs. Zoo Biol 1984;3:255–265.
-
12.
Benirschke K, Miller C, Ippen R, et al. The pathology of prosimians, especially lemurs. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1985;30:167–208.
-
13.
Wood C, Fang SG, Hunt A, et al. Increased iron absorption in lemurs: quantitative screening and assessment of dietary prevention. Am J Primatol 2003;61:101–110.
-
14.
Glenn KM, Campbell JL, Rotstein D, et al. Retrospective evaluation of the incidence and severity of hemosiderosis in a large captive lemur population. Am J Primatol 2006;68:369–381.
-
15.
Smith JE. Iron metabolism and its disorders. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Academic Press Inc, 1997;223–239.
-
16.
Bassett ML, Halliday JW, Bryant S, et al. Screening for hemochromatosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;526:274–289.
-
17.
Kang JO. Chronic iron overload and toxicity: clinical chemistry perspective. Clin Lab Sci 2001;14:209–219.
-
18.
Worwood M. The laboratory assessment of iron status—an update. Clin Chim Acta 1997;259:3–23.
-
19.
Mittermeier RA, Konstant WR, Hawkins F, et al. Lemurs of Madagascar. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Conservation International, 2006.
-
20.
Andrews GA, Chavey PS, Crawford G. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantitate serum ferritin in black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata). J Zoo Wildl Med 2005;36:648–652.
-
21.
Deugnier YM, Loreal O, Turlin B, et al. Liver pathology in genetic hemochromatosis: a review of 135 homozygous cases and their bioclinical correlations. Gastroenterology 1992;102:2050–2059.
-
22.
Ninomiya R, Koizumi N, Murata K. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, and metallothionein in liver and kidney of nonhuman primates. Biol Trace Elem Res 2002;87:95–111.
-
23.
Bassett ML, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Value of hepatic iron measurements in early hemochromatosis and determination of the critical iron level associated with fibrosis. Hepatology 1986;6:24–29.
-
24.
Bacon BR, Healy JF, Brittenham GM, et al. Hepatic microsomal function in rats with chronic dietary iron overload. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1844–1853.
-
25.
Bacon BR, Park CH, Brittenham GM, et al. Hepatic mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in rats with chronic dietary iron overload. Hepatology 1985;5:789–797.
-
26.
Bacon BR, Tavill AS, Brittenham GM, et al. Hepatic lipid peroxidation in vivo in rats with chronic iron overload. J Clin Invest 1983;71:429–439.
-
27.
Andrews GA, Chavey PS, Smith JE. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure serum ferritin and the relationship between serum ferritin and nonheme iron stores in cats. Vet Pathol 1994;31:674–678.
-
28.
Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Finch CA. A clinical evaluation of serum ferritin as an index of iron stores. N Engl J Med 1974;290:1213–1216.
-
29.
Smith JE, Moore K, Boyington D, et al. Serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity to estimate iron storage in pigs. Vet Pathol 1984;21:597–600.
-
30.
Smith JE, Moore K, Cipriano JE, et al. Serum ferritin as a measure of stored iron in horses. J Nutr 1984;114:677–681.
-
31.
Weeks BR, Smith JE, Northrop JK. Relationship of serum ferritin and iron concentrations and serum total iron-binding capacity to nonheme iron stores in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1989;50:198–200.
-
32.
Ward C, Saltman P, Ripley L, et al. Correlation of serum ferritin and liver ferritin in the anemic, normal, and iron-loaded rat. Am J Clin Nutr 1977;30:1054–1063.
-
33.
Hunter JE. Variable effects of iron status on the concentration of ferritin in rat plasma, liver, and spleen. J Nutr 1978;108:497–505.
-
34.
Henry JB, ed. Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 20th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2001.
-
35.
Ritchie RF, Palomaqki GE, Neveux LM, et al. Reference distributions for serum iron and transferrin saturation: a practical, simple, and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort. J Clin Lab Anal 2002;16:237–245.
-
36.
Witte DL, Crosby WH, Edwards CQ, et al. Hereditary hemochromatosis. Clin Chim Acta 1996;245:139–200.
-
37.
Crawford GC, Andrews GA, Chavey PS, et al. Survey and clinical application of serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin in captive black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata). J Zoo Wildl Med 2005;36:653–660.
-
38.
Williams CV, Campbell J, Glenn KM. Comparison of serum iron, total iron binding capacity, ferritin, and percent transferrin saturation in nine species of apparently healthy captive lemurs. Am J Primatol 2006;68:477–489.
-
39.
Dutton CJ, Junge RE, Louis EE. Biomedical evaluation of freeranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in Tsimanampetsotsa Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar. J Zoo Wildl Med 2003;34:16–24.
-
40.
Dutton CJ, Junge RE, Louis EE. Biomedical evaluation of freeranging red ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra) in Masoala National Park, Madagascar. J Zoo Wildl Med 2008;in press.
-
41.
Junge RE, Louis EE. Biomedical evaluation of black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco) in Lokobe Reserve, Madagascar. J Zoo Wildl Med 2007;38:67–76.
-
42.
Kosman DJ. FET3P, ceruloplasmin, and the role of copper in iron metabolism. Adv Protein Chem 2002;60:221–269.
-
43.
Davis GK. Microelement interactions of zinc, copper and iron in mammalian species. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;355:130–137.
-
44.
Crissey SD, Silva JCS, Meehan T, et al. Nutritional status of free-ranging Mexican Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) in Veracruz, Mexico: serum chemistry; lipoprotein profile; vitamins D, A, and E; carotenoids; and minerals. Zoo Biol 2003;22:239–251.
-
45.
Crissey SD, Slifka K, Barr J, et al. Blood nutrition parameters in captive apes at four zoos. The apes: challenges for the 21st century, conference proceedings. Brookfield, Ill: Chicago Zoological Society, 2001;180–185.
-
46.
Vayenas DV, Repanti M, Vassilopoulos A, et al. Influence of iron overload on manganese, zinc, and copper concentration in rat tissues in vivo: study of liver, spleen, and brain. Int J Clin Lab Res 1998;28:183–186.
-
47.
Adams PC, Bradley C, Frei JV. Hepatic zinc in hemochromatosis. Clin Invest Med 1991;14:16–20.
-
48.
Liuzzi JP, Aydemir F, Nam H, et al. Zip14 (Slc39a14) mediates non-transferrin-bound iron uptake into cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:13612–13617.
-
49.
McCormick CC. The tissue specific accumulation of hepatic zinc metallothionein following parenteral iron loading. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1984;176:392–402.
-
50.
Maitani T, Suzuki KT. Extent of hepatic zinc-thionein induction in mice given an equimolar dose of various heavy metals. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1982;30:4164–4169.
Advertisement
Evaluation of iron status in lemurs by analysis of serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation
Abstract
Objective—To assess serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation as indicators of iron metabolic status in 3 genera of lemurs and determine whether these variables are useful for screening for iron overload.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—11 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), 11 black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco), and 11 red-ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra).
Procedures—Blood samples were collected weekly for 3 weeks and assayed for serum iron and ferritin concentrations and total iron-binding capacity. Liver biopsy specimens were evaluated histologically and assayed for total iron, nonheme iron, and trace mineral concentrations. Deposition of iron was scored on Prussian blue–stained slides.
Results—Hepatic iron content ranged from 497 to 12,800 Pg/g dry weight (median, 2,165 Pg/g). Differences were seen in mean hepatic iron content across genera, with ruffed lemurs having the highest concentrations and ring-tailed lemurs having the lowest. Iron accumulation in the liver was mild, and cellular pathologic changes associated with iron storage disease were not detected in any lemur. Ferritin concentration was the only variable that correlated significantly with hepatic iron content in all 3 genera of lemurs; however, both transferrin saturation and serum iron concentration were correlated with hepatic iron concentration in ring-tailed and ruffed lemurs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum ferritin concentration was the only variable that was consistently correlated with hepatic iron content in all 3 genera. Mean hepatic iron content varied across genera, suggesting that the propensity for lemurs to develop iron overload in captivity may vary across taxa.
Contributor Notes
Supported by Purina Mills LLC and the National Science Foundation, grant No. DBI-0200748. Anatomic pathology work was fully supported by the Zoological Society of San Diego.
Powered by PubFactory