Rabies. In: Heymann D, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 18th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2004;438–447.
Blanton JD, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:540–556.
CDC. Human rabies prevention—United States, 1999. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:(No. RR-1).
McQuiston J, Yager PA, Smith JS, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the United States, 1999. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:1939–1942.
Hanlon CA, Childs JE, Nettles VF, et al. Recommendations of a National Working Group on Prevention and Control of Rabies in the United States. Article III: rabies in wildlife. National Working Group on Rabies Prevention and Control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1612–1618.
Hanlon CA, Smith JS, Anderson GR, et al. Recommendations of a national working group on prevention and control of rabies in the United States. Article II: laboratory diagnosis of rabies. The National Working Group on Rabies Prevention and Control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1444–1446.
Rudd RJ, Smith JS, Yager PA, et al. A need for standardized rabies-virus diagnostic procedures: effect of cover-glass mountant on the reliability of antigen detection by the fluorescent antibody test. Virus Res 2005;111:83–88.
AVMA. AVMA guidelines on euthanasia. June 2007. Available at: www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Tizard I, Ni Y. Use of serologic testing to assess immune status of companion animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:54–60.
Rabies and other lyssavirus infections. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed., New York: Saunders Elsevier, 2006;167–183.
Rupprecht CE, Gilbert J, Pitts R, et al. Evaluation of an inactivated rabies virus vaccine in domestic ferrets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:1614–1616.
Aubert MF. Practical significance of rabies antibodies in cats and dogs. Rev Sci Tech 1992;11:735–760.
Cliquet F, Verdier Y, Sagné L, et al. Neutralising antibody titration in 25,000 sera of dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies in France, in the framework of the new regulations that offer an alternative to quarantine. Rev Sci Tech 2003;22:857–866.
National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Compendium of measures to prevent disease and injury associated with animals in public settings, 2006. Available at: www.nasphv.org. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Bender JB, Schulman SA. Animals in Public Contact subcommittee of the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1105–1109.
AVMA. Private ownership of wild animals. Available at: www.avma.org/issues/policy/wild_animal_ownership.asp. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Position on canine hybrids. In: Directory and resource manual. Schaumburg, Ill: AVMA, 2002;88–89.
Siino BS. Crossing the line. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Animal Watch 2000;Winter:22–29.
Jay MT, Reilly KF, DeBess EE, et al. Rabies in a vaccinated wolfdog hybrid. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;205:1729–1732.
CDC. An imported case of rabies in an immunized dog. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36:94–96,101.
CDC. Imported dog and cat rabies—New Hampshire, California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;37:559–560.
Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. Postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1096–1100.
Charlton KM. The pathogenesis of rabies and other lyssaviral infections: recent studies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994;187:95–119.
CDC. Mass treatment of humans who drank unpasteurized milk from rabid cows—Massachusetts, 1996–1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:228–229.
Vaughn JB, Gerhardt P, Paterson J. Excretion of street rabies virus in saliva of cats. JAMA 1963;184:705–708.
Vaughn JB, Gerhardt P, Newell KW. Excretion of street rabies virus in saliva of dogs. JAMA 1965;193:363–368.
Niezgoda M, Briggs DJ, Shaddock J, et al. Viral excretion in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate. Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1629–1632.
Tepsumethanon V, Lumlertdacha B, Mitmoonpitak C, et al. Survival of naturally infected rabid dogs and cats. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:278–280.
Jenkins SR, Perry BD, Winkler WG. Ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10(suppl 4):S620–S625.
CDC. Translocation of coyote rabies—Florida, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44:580–587.
Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Fekadu M, et al. The ascension of wildlife rabies: a cause for public health concern or intervention? Emerg Infect Dis 1995;1:107–114.
Constantine DG. Geographic translocation of bats: known and potential problems. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:17–21.
Krebs JW, Strine TW, Smith JS, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1993 (Erratum published in J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;206:650). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;205:1695–1709.
VF Nettles, Shaddock JH, Sikes RK, et al. Rabies in translocated raccoons. Am J Public Health 1979;69:601–602.
Engeman RM, Christensen KL, Pipas MJ, et al. Population monitoring in support of a rabies vaccination program for skunks in Arizona. J Wildl Dis 2003;39:746–750.
Leslie MJ, Messenger S, Rohde RE, et al. Bat-associated rabies virus in skunks. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1274–1277.
The Humane Society of the United States. HSUS Disaster Services. Available at: www.hsus.org/hsus_field/hsus_disaster_center/. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Slate D, Rupprecht CE, Rooney JA, et al. Status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the United States. Virus Res 2005;111:68–76.
Messenger SL, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE. Emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:738–747.
CDC. Human rabies—California, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:686–688.
CDC. Human rabies—Tennessee, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:828–829.
CDC. Human rabies—Iowa, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:47–48.
CDC. Human death associated with bat rabies—California, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:33–35.
CDC. Recovery of a patient from clinical rabies, Wisconsin, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:1171–1173.
CDC. Human rabies—Mississippi, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:207–208.
CDC. Human rabies—Indiana and California, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:361–365.
Frantz SC, Trimarchi CV. Bats in human dwellings: health concerns and management. In: Decker DF, ed. Proceedings of the first eastern wildlife damage control conference. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983;299–308.
Greenhall AM. House bat management. Resource Publication 143. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982.
AVMA. Model rabies control ordinance. Available at: www.avma.org/issues/policy/rabies_control.asp. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Bunn TO. Canine and feline vaccines, past and present. In: Baer GM, ed. The natural history of rabies. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1991;415–425.
Gobar GM, Kass PH. World Wide Web-based survey of vaccination practices, postvaccinal reactions, and vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1477–1482.
Macy DW, Hendrick MJ. The potential role of inflammation in the development of postvaccinal sarcomas in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996;26:103–109.
Rupprecht CE, Blass L, Smith K, et al. Human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus. N Engl J Med 2001;345:582–586.
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Consultants to the Committee—Keith Friendshuh, DVM (AVMA); Donna M. Gatewood, DVM, MS (USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics); Suzanne R. Jenkins, VMD, MPH; Lorraine Moule (National Animal Control Association [NACA]); Barbara Nay (Animal Health Institute); Raoult Ratard, MD, MS, MPH (Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists [CSTE]); Charles E. Rupprecht, VMD, MS, PhD (CDC); Dennis Slate, PhD (USDA Wildlife Services); Charles V. Trimarchi, MS (Association of Public Health Laboratories [APHL]); Burton Wilcke Jr, PhD (American Public Health Association [APHA]).
Endorsed by the APHA, AVMA, APHL, CSTE, NACA, and CDC.
Rabies. In: Heymann D, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 18th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2004;438–447.
Blanton JD, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:540–556.
CDC. Human rabies prevention—United States, 1999. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:(No. RR-1).
McQuiston J, Yager PA, Smith JS, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the United States, 1999. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:1939–1942.
Hanlon CA, Childs JE, Nettles VF, et al. Recommendations of a National Working Group on Prevention and Control of Rabies in the United States. Article III: rabies in wildlife. National Working Group on Rabies Prevention and Control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1612–1618.
Hanlon CA, Smith JS, Anderson GR, et al. Recommendations of a national working group on prevention and control of rabies in the United States. Article II: laboratory diagnosis of rabies. The National Working Group on Rabies Prevention and Control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1444–1446.
Rudd RJ, Smith JS, Yager PA, et al. A need for standardized rabies-virus diagnostic procedures: effect of cover-glass mountant on the reliability of antigen detection by the fluorescent antibody test. Virus Res 2005;111:83–88.
AVMA. AVMA guidelines on euthanasia. June 2007. Available at: www.avma.org/issues/animal_welfare/euthanasia.pdf. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Tizard I, Ni Y. Use of serologic testing to assess immune status of companion animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:54–60.
Rabies and other lyssavirus infections. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3rd ed., New York: Saunders Elsevier, 2006;167–183.
Rupprecht CE, Gilbert J, Pitts R, et al. Evaluation of an inactivated rabies virus vaccine in domestic ferrets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:1614–1616.
Aubert MF. Practical significance of rabies antibodies in cats and dogs. Rev Sci Tech 1992;11:735–760.
Cliquet F, Verdier Y, Sagné L, et al. Neutralising antibody titration in 25,000 sera of dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies in France, in the framework of the new regulations that offer an alternative to quarantine. Rev Sci Tech 2003;22:857–866.
National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Compendium of measures to prevent disease and injury associated with animals in public settings, 2006. Available at: www.nasphv.org. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Bender JB, Schulman SA. Animals in Public Contact subcommittee of the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Reports of zoonotic disease outbreaks associated with animal exhibits and availability of recommendations for preventing zoonotic disease transmission from animals to people in such settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1105–1109.
AVMA. Private ownership of wild animals. Available at: www.avma.org/issues/policy/wild_animal_ownership.asp. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Position on canine hybrids. In: Directory and resource manual. Schaumburg, Ill: AVMA, 2002;88–89.
Siino BS. Crossing the line. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Animal Watch 2000;Winter:22–29.
Jay MT, Reilly KF, DeBess EE, et al. Rabies in a vaccinated wolfdog hybrid. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;205:1729–1732.
CDC. An imported case of rabies in an immunized dog. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36:94–96,101.
CDC. Imported dog and cat rabies—New Hampshire, California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;37:559–560.
Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. Postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1096–1100.
Charlton KM. The pathogenesis of rabies and other lyssaviral infections: recent studies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994;187:95–119.
CDC. Mass treatment of humans who drank unpasteurized milk from rabid cows—Massachusetts, 1996–1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999;48:228–229.
Vaughn JB, Gerhardt P, Paterson J. Excretion of street rabies virus in saliva of cats. JAMA 1963;184:705–708.
Vaughn JB, Gerhardt P, Newell KW. Excretion of street rabies virus in saliva of dogs. JAMA 1965;193:363–368.
Niezgoda M, Briggs DJ, Shaddock J, et al. Viral excretion in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate. Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1629–1632.
Tepsumethanon V, Lumlertdacha B, Mitmoonpitak C, et al. Survival of naturally infected rabid dogs and cats. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:278–280.
Jenkins SR, Perry BD, Winkler WG. Ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10(suppl 4):S620–S625.
CDC. Translocation of coyote rabies—Florida, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44:580–587.
Rupprecht CE, Smith JS, Fekadu M, et al. The ascension of wildlife rabies: a cause for public health concern or intervention? Emerg Infect Dis 1995;1:107–114.
Constantine DG. Geographic translocation of bats: known and potential problems. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:17–21.
Krebs JW, Strine TW, Smith JS, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1993 (Erratum published in J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995;206:650). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994;205:1695–1709.
VF Nettles, Shaddock JH, Sikes RK, et al. Rabies in translocated raccoons. Am J Public Health 1979;69:601–602.
Engeman RM, Christensen KL, Pipas MJ, et al. Population monitoring in support of a rabies vaccination program for skunks in Arizona. J Wildl Dis 2003;39:746–750.
Leslie MJ, Messenger S, Rohde RE, et al. Bat-associated rabies virus in skunks. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1274–1277.
The Humane Society of the United States. HSUS Disaster Services. Available at: www.hsus.org/hsus_field/hsus_disaster_center/. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Slate D, Rupprecht CE, Rooney JA, et al. Status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the United States. Virus Res 2005;111:68–76.
Messenger SL, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE. Emerging epidemiology of bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:738–747.
CDC. Human rabies—California, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:686–688.
CDC. Human rabies—Tennessee, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002;51:828–829.
CDC. Human rabies—Iowa, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:47–48.
CDC. Human death associated with bat rabies—California, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:33–35.
CDC. Recovery of a patient from clinical rabies, Wisconsin, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:1171–1173.
CDC. Human rabies—Mississippi, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:207–208.
CDC. Human rabies—Indiana and California, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007;56:361–365.
Frantz SC, Trimarchi CV. Bats in human dwellings: health concerns and management. In: Decker DF, ed. Proceedings of the first eastern wildlife damage control conference. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983;299–308.
Greenhall AM. House bat management. Resource Publication 143. Washington, DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982.
AVMA. Model rabies control ordinance. Available at: www.avma.org/issues/policy/rabies_control.asp. Accessed Dec 21, 2007.
Bunn TO. Canine and feline vaccines, past and present. In: Baer GM, ed. The natural history of rabies. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1991;415–425.
Gobar GM, Kass PH. World Wide Web-based survey of vaccination practices, postvaccinal reactions, and vaccine site-associated sarcomas in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1477–1482.
Macy DW, Hendrick MJ. The potential role of inflammation in the development of postvaccinal sarcomas in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996;26:103–109.
Rupprecht CE, Blass L, Smith K, et al. Human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus. N Engl J Med 2001;345:582–586.
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