Comparison of the efficacy and duration of desensitization of oral structures following injection of various volumes of a lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture via an infraorbital approach in dogs

Peter J. Pascoe 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Peter J. Pascoe in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 BVSc
and
Amandeep S. Chohan 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Amandeep S. Chohan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 BVSc&AH, MVSc, MS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.81.6.463
Volume/Issue:
Volume 81: Issue 6
Online Publication Date:
01 Jun 2020
Restricted access
Sign In Reprints and Permissions Purchase Article

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy and duration of desensitization of oral structures following injection of various volumes of lidocaine-bupivacaine via an infraorbital approach in dogs.

ANIMALS

6 healthy adult hound-type dogs.

PROCEDURES

In a randomized crossover study, each dog received 1, 2, and 3 mL of a 2% lidocaine-0.5% bupivacaine mixture (50:50 vol/vol) injected within and near the caudal aspect of the infraorbital canal with a 14-day washout period between treatments. Dogs were anesthetized, and each treatment was administered through a 22-gauge, 4.5-cm-long catheter, which was fully inserted through and then withdrawn 2 cm to the caudal aspect of the infraorbital canal. The reflex-evoked motor potential was measured for the maxillary canine tooth (MC), fourth premolar tooth (MPM4), second molar tooth (MM2), and hard palate mucosa ipsilateral to the injected treatment and for the contralateral MC (control) at predetermined times before and for 6 hours after treatment administration or until the block was no longer effective. For each oral structure, the proportion of dogs with desensitization (efficacy) and time to onset and duration of desensitization were compared among the 3 treatments (injectate volumes).

RESULTS

Treatment was not associated with efficacy, time to onset, or duration of desensitization. Regardless of treatment, MC and MPM4 were more frequently desensitized and mean durations of desensitization for MC and MPM4 were longer, compared with those for MM2 and the hard palate.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The volume of local anesthetic used for an infraorbital nerve block had no effect on block efficacy or duration.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy and duration of desensitization of oral structures following injection of various volumes of lidocaine-bupivacaine via an infraorbital approach in dogs.

ANIMALS

6 healthy adult hound-type dogs.

PROCEDURES

In a randomized crossover study, each dog received 1, 2, and 3 mL of a 2% lidocaine-0.5% bupivacaine mixture (50:50 vol/vol) injected within and near the caudal aspect of the infraorbital canal with a 14-day washout period between treatments. Dogs were anesthetized, and each treatment was administered through a 22-gauge, 4.5-cm-long catheter, which was fully inserted through and then withdrawn 2 cm to the caudal aspect of the infraorbital canal. The reflex-evoked motor potential was measured for the maxillary canine tooth (MC), fourth premolar tooth (MPM4), second molar tooth (MM2), and hard palate mucosa ipsilateral to the injected treatment and for the contralateral MC (control) at predetermined times before and for 6 hours after treatment administration or until the block was no longer effective. For each oral structure, the proportion of dogs with desensitization (efficacy) and time to onset and duration of desensitization were compared among the 3 treatments (injectate volumes).

RESULTS

Treatment was not associated with efficacy, time to onset, or duration of desensitization. Regardless of treatment, MC and MPM4 were more frequently desensitized and mean durations of desensitization for MC and MPM4 were longer, compared with those for MM2 and the hard palate.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The volume of local anesthetic used for an infraorbital nerve block had no effect on block efficacy or duration.

Contributor Notes

Address correspondence to Dr. Chohan (aschohan@ucdavis.edu).
Cover American Journal of Veterinary Research
American Journal of Veterinary Research
Publication Date:
01 Jun 2020

  • 1. Snyder CJ, Snyder LB. Effect of mepivacaine in an infraorbital nerve block on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in clinically normal anesthetized dogs undergoing a modified form of dental dolorimetry. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;242:199–204.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 2. Snyder LB, Snyder CJ, Hetzel S. Effects of buprenorphine added to bupivacaine infraorbital nerve blocks on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration using a model of acute dental/oral surgical pain in dogs. J Vet Dent 2016;33:90–96.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 3. Evans HE, de Lahunta A. Cranial nerves. In: Miller's anatomy of the dog. 4th ed. St Louis: Elsevier, 2013;715–716.

  • 4. Raymond SA, Steffensen SC, Gugino LD, et al. The role of length of nerve exposed to local anesthetic in impulse blocking action. Anesth Analg 1989;68:563–570.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 5. Pascoe PJ. The effects of lidocaine or a lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture administered into the infraorbital canal in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2016;77:682–687.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 6. Fizzano KM, Claude AK, Kuo LH, et al. Evaluation of a modified infraorbital approach for a maxillary nerve block for rhinoscopy with nasal biopsy of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017;78:1025–1035.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 7. Cremer J, Sum SO, Braun C, et al. Assessment of maxillary and infraorbital nerve blockade for rhinoscopy in sevoflurane anesthetized dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013;40:432–439.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 8. Gross ME, Pope ER, O'Brien D, et al. Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves during noninvasive tooth pulp stimulation in halothane-anesthetized dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1403–1405.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 9. Viscasillas J, Seymour CJ, Brodbelt DC. A cadaver study comparing two approaches for performing maxillary nerve block in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013;40:212–219.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 10. Valverde A, Dyson DH, McDonell WN. Epidural morphine reduces halothane MAC in the dog. Can J Anaesth 1989;36:629–632.

  • 11. Strichartz GR, Pastijn E, Sugimoto K. Neural physiology and local anesthetic action in neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and pain. In: Cousins MJ, Carr DB, Horlocket TT, et al, eds. Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 2008;26–47.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 12. Berthold CH, Martin R. Morphology of normal peripheral axons. In: Waxman SG, Kocsis JD, Stys PK, eds. The axon: structure, function, and pathophysiology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1995;22–24.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 13. Langton SD, Walker JJA. A transorbital approach to maxillary nerve block in dogs: a cadaver study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017;44:173–177.

  • 14. Bardell D, Iff I, Mosing M. A cadaver study comparing two approaches to perform a maxillary nerve block in the horse. Equine Vet J 2010;42:721–725.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 15. Johns RA, DiFazio CA, Longnecker DE. Lidocaine constricts or dilates rat arterioles in a dose-dependent manner. Anesthesiology 1985;62:141–144.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 16. Sertoz N, Deniz MN, Ayanoglu HO. Distal tourniquet or leg position after injection enhances the efficacy of sciatic nerve blockade by the popliteal approach. Anesth Analg 2011;113:1516–1520.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 17. Gorgi AA, Hofmeister EH, Higginbotham MJ, et al. Effect of body position on cranial migration of epidurally injected methylene blue in recumbent dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006;67:219–221.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 18. Nakamura T, Popitz-Bergez F, Birknes J, et al. Critical role of concentration for lidocaine block of peripheral nerve in vivo: studies of function and drug uptake in the rat. Anesthesiology 2003;99:1189–1197.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 19. Eriksson J. Resolving the challenges of producing small-bore tubing. Med Device Technol 2005;16:14–17.

  • 20. Hadzic A, Dilberovic F, Shah S, et al. Combination of intraneural injection and high injection pressure leads to fascicular injury and neurologic deficits in dogs. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004;29:417–423.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Advertisement