1. Smolders LA, Voorhout G, van de Ven R, et al. Pedicle screw-rod fixation of the canine lumbosacral junction. Vet Surg 2012;41:720–732.
2. Tellegen AR, Willems N, Tryfonidou MA, et al. Pedicle screw-rod fixation: a feasible treatment for dogs with severe degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. BMC Vet Res 2015;11:299.
3. Danielsson F, Sjostrom L. Surgical treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Surg 1999;28:91–98.
4. Zindl C, Litsky AS, Fizpatrick N, et al. Kinematic behavior of a novel pedicle screw-rod fixation system for the canine lumbosacral joint. Vet Surg 2018;47:114–124.
5. Suwankong N, Meij BP, Van Klaveren NJ, et al. Assessment of decompressive surgery in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis using force plate analysis and questionnaires. Vet Surg 2007;36:423–431.
6. Worth AJ, Thompson DJ, Hartman AC. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in working dogs: current concepts and review. N Z Vet J 2009;57:319–330.
7. Wood BC, Lanz OI, Jones JC, et al. Endoscopic-assisted lumbosacral foraminotomy in the dog. Vet Surg 2004;33:221–231.
8. Meij BP, Bergknut N. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010;40:983–1009.
9. Jeffery ND, Barker A, Harcourt-Brown T. What progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs during the past 30 years? Vet J 2014;201:9–14.
10. De Risio L, Sharp NJ, Olby NJ, et al. Predictors of outcome after dorsal decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs: 69 cases (1987–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:624–628.
11. Janssens L, Moens Y, Coppens P, et al. Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009;22:486–491.
12. Slocum B, Devine T. L7–S1 fixation-fusion for treatment of cauda equina compression in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986;188:31–35.
13. Fitzpatrick N, Farrell M. Lumbosacral disc disease: is vertebral stabilization indicated? In: Fingeroth JM, Thomas WB, eds. Advances in intervertebral disc disease in dogs and cats. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2015;237–250.
14. Sharp NJH, Wheeler SJ. Lumbosacral disease. In: Sharp NJH, Wheeler SJ, eds. Small animal spinal disorders: diagnosis and surgery. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier Mosby Inc, 2005;181–209.
15. Meheust P, Mallet C, Marouze C. A new surgical technique for lumbosacral stabilization: arthrodesis using pedicle screw fixation. Anatomical aspects. Prat Med Chir Anim Comp 2000;35:193–199.
16. Meij BP, Suwankong N, Van der Veen AJ, et al. Biomechanical flexion-extension forces in normal canine lumbosacral cadaver specimens before and after dorsal laminectomy-discectomy and pedicle screw-rod fixation. Vet Surg 2007;36:742–751.
17. Teunissen M, van der Veen AJ, Smit TH, et al. Effect of a titanium cage as a stand-alone device on biomechanical stability in the lumbosacral spine of canine cadavers. Vet J 2017;220:17–23.
18. Solano MA, Fizpatrick N, Bertran J. Cervical distraction-stabilization using an intervertebral spacer screw and string-of pearl (SOPTM) plates in 16 dogs with disc-associated Wobbler syndrome. Vet Surg 2015;44:627–641.
19. Delank KS, Gercek E, Hely H, et al. How does spinal canal decompression and dorsal stabilization affect segmental mobility? A biomechanical study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2010;130:285–292.
20. Reynolds D, Tucker RL, Fitzpatrick N. Lumbosacral foraminal ratios and areas using MRI in medium-sized dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2014;27:333–338.
21. Higgins BM, Cripps PJ, Baker M, et al. Effects of body position, imaging plane, and observer on computed tomographic measurements of the lumbosacral intervertebral foraminal area in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011;72:905–917.
22. Worth AJ, Hartman A, Bridges JP, et al. Medium-term outcome and CT assessment of lateral foraminotomy at the lumbosacral junction in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018;31:37–43.
23. Suwankong N, Meij BP, Voorhout G, et al. Review and retrospective analysis of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in 156 dogs treated by dorsal laminectomy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2008;21:285–293.
24. Gödde T, Steffen F. Surgical treatment of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis using a lateral approach in twenty dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Surg 2007;36:705–713.
25. Ness MG. Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in the dog: a review of 30 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1994;35:185–190.
26. Jones JC, Davies SE, Werre SR, et al. Effects of body position and clinical signs on L7–S1 intervertebral foraminal area and lumbosacral angle in dogs with lumbosacral disease as measured via computed tomography. Am J Vet Res 2008;69:1446–1454.
27. Braund KG, Taylor TK, Ghosh P, et al. Spinal mobility in the dog. A study in chondrodystrophoid and non-chondrodystrophoid animals. Res Vet Sci 1977;22:78–82.
28. Bürger R, Lang J. Kinetic studies of the lumbar vertebrae and the lumbosacral transition in the German Shepherd Dog. 2. Our personal investigations. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1993;135:35–43.
29. Schmid V, Lang J. Measurements on the lumbosacral junction in normal dogs and those with cauda equine compression. J Small Anim Pract 1993;34:437–442.
30. Mattoon JS, Koblik PD. Quantitative survey radiographic evaluation of the lumbosacral spine of normal dogs and dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1993;34:194–206.
Advertisement
To investigate the effects of intervertebral distraction screw (IDS) fixation of the lumbosacral joint (LSJ) on the intervertebral foraminal area (IFA) and intervertebral stabilization of the LSJ and adjacent lumbar segments in dogs.
7 healthy Beagles.
Dorsal laminectomy was performed at the LSJ in each dog to expose the intervertebral disk. The IDS was then inserted into the L7-S1 disk. Computed tomography was performed before and after laminectomy and after IDS insertion (intact, laminectomy, and IDS conditions, respectively) to measure the intervertebral range of motion (ROM) and intervertebral distance (ID) at L7-S1, L6-7, and L5-6 with the LSJ in a flexed and extended position. The intervertebral foramina stenosis rate was calculated from the intervertebral foramina area in entrance, middle, and exit zones. Results were compared among conditions.
The ROM at L7-S1 after IDS insertion was lower than that observed before and after laminectomy; no other differences were identified among conditions. With the LSJ in the flexed position, the ID at L7-S1 was larger after IDS insertion than before and after laminectomy; no other differences in ID were identified. In all evaluated zones, the stenosis rate was lower after IDS insertion than before and after laminectomy. No differences in ROM, ID, and stenosis rate were identified among conditions at L6-7 or L5-6.
Results suggested that IDS fixation of the LSJ restricted lumbosacral ROM and prevented decreases in lumbosacral ID and IFA in healthy dogs. There were no changes at L6-7 and L5-6.