1. Pollard RE. Imaging evaluation of dogs and cats with dysphagia. ISRN Vet Sci 2012; 2012: 238505.
2. Washabau RJ. Gastrointestinal motility disorders and gastrointestinal prokinetic therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33: 1007–1028.
3. Callan MB, Washabau RJ, Saunders HM, et al. Congenital esophageal hiatal hernia in the Chinese Shar-Pei dog. J Vet Intern Med 1993; 7: 210–215.
4. Warnock JJ, Marks SL, Pollard R, et al. Surgical management of cricopharyngeal dysphagia in dogs: 14 cases (1989–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223: 1462–1468.
5. Pollard RE, Marks SL, Davidson A, et al. Quantitative videofluoroscopic evaluation of pharyngeal function in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41: 409–412.
6. Bexfield NH, Watson PJ, Herrtage ME. Esophageal dysmotility in young dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20: 1314–1318.
7. Zacuto AC, Marks SL, Osborn J, et al. The influence of esomeprazole and cisapride on gastroesophageal reflux during anesthesia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26: 518–525.
8. Fox MR, Bredenoord AJ. Oesophageal high-resolution manometry: moving from research into clinical practice. Gut 2008; 57: 405–423.
9. Fox MR, Hebbard G, Janiak P, et al. High-resolution manometry predicts the success of oesophageal bolus transport and identifies clinically important abnormalities not detected by conventional manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004; 16: 533–542.
10. Conklin JL. Evaluation of esophageal motor function with high-resolution manometry. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19: 281–294.
11. Ghosh SK, Pandolfino JE, Zhang Q, et al. Quantifying esophageal peristalsis with high-resolution manometry: a study of 75 asymptomatic volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G988–G997.
12. Pandolfino JE, Fox MR, Bredenoord AJ, et al. High-resolution manometry in clinical practice: utilizing pressure topography to classify oesophageal motility abnormalities. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21: 796–806.
13. Pandolfino JE, Ghosh SK, Rice J, et al. Classifying esophageal motility by pressure topography characteristics: a study of 400 patients and 75 controls. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 27–37.
14. Kempf J, Heinrich H, Reusch CE, et al. Evaluation of esophageal high-resolution manometry in awake and sedated dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74: 895–900.
15. Kempf J, Lewis F, Reusch CE, et al. High-resolution manometric evaluation of the effects of cisapride and metoclopramide hydrochloride administered orally on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in awake dogs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75: 361–366.
16. Neufang T, Schramek P, Lüdtke FE, et al. Cisapride effects on canine lower esophageal sphincter under various pharmacological pretreatments. Dig Dis 1991; 9: 396–400.
17. Robertson CS, Evans DF, Ledingham SJ, et al. Cisapride in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7: 181–190.
18. Silva LC, Herbella FAM, Neves LR, et al. Anatomophysiology of the pharyngo-upper esophageal area in light of high-resolution manometry. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17: 2033–2038.
19. Kahrilas PJ, Peters JH. Evaluation of the esophagogastric junction using high resolution manometry and esophageal pressure topography. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24(suppl 1): 11–19.
20. Pandolfino JE, Ghosh SK, Zhang Q, et al. Quantifying EGJ morphology and relaxation with high-resolution manometry: a study of 75 asymptomatic volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G1033–G1040.
21. Bogte A, Bredenoord AJ, Oors J, et al. Normal values for esophageal high-resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25: 762–e579.
22. Bredenoord AJ, Fox MR, Kahrilas PJ, et al. Chicago classification criteria of esophageal motility disorders defined in high resolution esophageal pressure topography. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24(suppl 1): 57–65.
23. Li Q, Castell JA, Castell DO. Manometric determination of esophageal length. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 722–725.
24. Mann CV, Shorter RG. Structure of the canine esophagus and its sphincters. J Surg Res 1964; 4: 160–163.
25. Park HJ, Conklin JL. Neuromuscular control of esophageal peristalsis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999; 1: 186–197.
26. Jung KW, Jung HY, Myung SJ, et al. The effect of age on the key parameters in the Chicago Classification: a study using high-resolution esophageal manometry in asymptomatic normal individuals. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27: 246–257.
27. Tucker E, Knowles K, Wright J, et al. Rumination variations: aetiology and classification of abnormal behavioural responses to digestive symptoms based on high-resolution manometry studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 263–274.
28. Shi G, Pandolfino JE, Zhang Q, et al. Deglutitive inhibition affects both esophageal peristaltic amplitude and shortening. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284:G575–G582.
29. Pouderoux P, Shi G, Tatum RP, et al. Esophageal solid bolus transit: studies using concurrent videofluoroscopy and manometry. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1457–1463.
30. Zhang X, Xiang X, Tu L, et al. Esophageal motility in the supine and upright positions for liquid and solid swallows through high-resolution manometry. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19: 467–472.
31. Blonski W, Hila A, Jain V, et al. Impedance manometry with viscous test solution increases detection of esophageal function defects compared to liquid swallows. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 917–922.
32. Basseri B, Pimentel M, Shaye OA, et al. Apple sauce improves detection of esophageal motor dysfunction during high-resolution manometry evaluation of dysphagia. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 1723–1728.
33. Finizia C, Lundell L, Cange L, et al. The effect of cisapride on oesophageal motility and lower sphincter function in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 9–14.
34. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 290–291.
35. Park JH, Lee YC, Lee H, et al. Residual lower esophageal sphincter pressure as a prognostic factor in the pneumatic balloon treatment of achalasia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30: 59–63.
36. Nativ-Zeltzer N, Kahrilas PJ, Logemann JA. Manofluorography in the evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia 2012; 27: 151–161.
37. Chavez YH, Ciarleglio MM, Clarke JO, et al. Upper esophageal sphincter abnormalities: frequent finding on high-resolution esophageal manometry and associated with poorer treatment response in achalasia. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 49: 17–23.
38. Valdovinos MA, Zavala-Solares MR, Coss-Adame E. Esophageal hypomotility and spastic motor disorders: current diagnosis and treatment. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2014; 16: 421.
39. Khajanchee YS, Cassera MA, Swanström LL, et al. Diagnosis of type-I hiatal hernia: a comparison of high-resolution manometry and endoscopy. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26: 1–6.
Advertisement
OBJECTIVE To validate the use of high-resolution manometry (HRM) in awake, healthy dogs and compare the effects of bolus type (liquid vs solid) and drug treatment (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution [SS] vs cisapride) on esophageal pressure profiles.
ANIMALS 8 healthy dogs.
PROCEDURES In a crossover study, each dog received SS (10 mL) IV, and HRM was performed during oral administration of 10 boluses (5 mL each) of water or 10 boluses (5 g each) of canned food. Cisapride (1 mg/kg in 60 mL of SS) was subsequently administered IV to 7 dogs; HRM and bolus administration procedures were repeated. Two to 4 weeks later, HRM was repeated following administration of SS and water and food boluses in 4 dogs. Pressure profile data were obtained for all swallows, and 11 outcome variables were statistically analyzed.
RESULTS After SS administration, predicted means for the esophageal contractile integral were 850.4 cm/mm Hg/s for food boluses and 660.3 cm/mm Hg/s for water boluses. Predicted means for esophageal contraction front velocity were 6.2 cm/s for water boluses and 5.6 cm/s for food boluses after SS administration. Predicted means for residual LES pressure were significantly higher following cisapride administration.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that HRM was feasible and repeatable in awake healthy dogs of various breeds and sizes. Stronger esophageal contractions and faster esophageal contraction velocity occurred during solid bolus and liquid bolus swallows, respectively. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure increased significantly following cisapride administration. Esophageal contractions and bolus transit latency should be further evaluated by HRM in clinically dysphagic dogs.
Dr. Ullal's present address is Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80525.