Editorial Type:
Vaccinology

Anti-bovine herpesvirus and anti-bovine viral diarrhea virus antibody responses in pregnant Holstein dairy cattle following administration of a multivalent killed virus vaccine

Billy I. Smith Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348.

Search for other papers by Billy I. Smith in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 DVM, MS
,
Randall H. Rieger Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383.

Search for other papers by Randall H. Rieger in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 PhD
,
Charlene M. Dickens Walmoore Dairy Inc, PO Box 158, Chatham, PA 19318.

Search for other papers by Charlene M. Dickens in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 BS
,
Ronald D. Schultz Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.

Search for other papers by Ronald D. Schultz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 PhD
, and
Helen Aceto Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348.

Search for other papers by Helen Aceto in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 PhD, VMD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.76.10.913
Volume/Issue:
Volume 76: Issue 10
Online Publication Date:
01 Oct 2015
Restricted access
Sign In Reprints and Permissions Purchase Article

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a commercially available multivalent killed virus vaccine on serum neutralizing (SN) and colostrum neutralizing (CN) antibodies against bovine herpesvirus (BHV) type 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 in pregnant dairy cattle.

ANIMALS 49 Holstein dairy cattle.

PROCEDURES 25 cattle were vaccinated (IM injection) at least 60 days prior to calving (ie, at the end of the lactation period or according to the expected calving date for heifers) and again 5 weeks later. The remaining 24 cattle were not vaccinated (control group). Titers of SN antibodies were measured at the 5-week time point. Titers of SN and CN antibodies were measured at parturition.

RESULTS 5 weeks after initial vaccination, titers of SN antibodies against BHV-1 and BVDV types 1 and 2 were 1:512, 1:128, and 1:2,048, respectively, in vaccinates and 1:64, 1:128, and 1:64, respectively, in unvaccinated controls. Equivalent SN antibody titers at parturition were 1:256, 1:64, and 1:512, respectively, in vaccinates and 1:128, 1:128, and 1:64, respectively, in controls. Median titers of CN antibodies against BHV-1 and BVDV types 1 and 2 were 1:1,280, 1:10,240, and 1:20,480, respectively, in vaccinates and 1:80, 1:1,280, and 1:2,560, respectively, in controls.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Titers of antibodies against viral respiratory pathogens were significantly enhanced in both serum (BHV-1 and BVDV type 2) and colostrum (BHV-1 and BVDV types 1 and 2) in cattle receiving a killed virus vaccine (with no adverse reactions) before parturition. To maximize protection of bovine neonates, this method of vaccination should be considered.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a commercially available multivalent killed virus vaccine on serum neutralizing (SN) and colostrum neutralizing (CN) antibodies against bovine herpesvirus (BHV) type 1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 in pregnant dairy cattle.

ANIMALS 49 Holstein dairy cattle.

PROCEDURES 25 cattle were vaccinated (IM injection) at least 60 days prior to calving (ie, at the end of the lactation period or according to the expected calving date for heifers) and again 5 weeks later. The remaining 24 cattle were not vaccinated (control group). Titers of SN antibodies were measured at the 5-week time point. Titers of SN and CN antibodies were measured at parturition.

RESULTS 5 weeks after initial vaccination, titers of SN antibodies against BHV-1 and BVDV types 1 and 2 were 1:512, 1:128, and 1:2,048, respectively, in vaccinates and 1:64, 1:128, and 1:64, respectively, in unvaccinated controls. Equivalent SN antibody titers at parturition were 1:256, 1:64, and 1:512, respectively, in vaccinates and 1:128, 1:128, and 1:64, respectively, in controls. Median titers of CN antibodies against BHV-1 and BVDV types 1 and 2 were 1:1,280, 1:10,240, and 1:20,480, respectively, in vaccinates and 1:80, 1:1,280, and 1:2,560, respectively, in controls.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Titers of antibodies against viral respiratory pathogens were significantly enhanced in both serum (BHV-1 and BVDV type 2) and colostrum (BHV-1 and BVDV types 1 and 2) in cattle receiving a killed virus vaccine (with no adverse reactions) before parturition. To maximize protection of bovine neonates, this method of vaccination should be considered.

Contributor Notes

Address correspondence to Dr. Smith (bis@vet.upenn.edu).
Cover American Journal of Veterinary Research
American Journal of Veterinary Research
Publication Date:
01 Oct 2015

  • 1. USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System. Dairy 2007, part II: changes in the US dairy cattle industry, 1991–2007. No. N481.0308. Fort Collins, Colo: USDA APHIS Veterinary Services Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 2. Kaneene JB, Hurd S. The national animal health monitoring system in Michigan. III. Cost estimates of selected dairy cattle diseases. Prev Vet Med 1990; 8: 127–140.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 3. Sischo WM, Hird DW, Gardner IA, et al. Economics of disease occurrence and prevention of California dairy farms: a report and evaluation of data collected for the National Animal Health Monitoring System, 1986–1987. Prev Vet Med 1990; 8: 141–156.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 4. Donovan GA, Dohoo IR, Montgomery DM, et al. Calf and disease factors affecting growth in female Holstein calves in Florida, USA. Prev Vet Med 1998; 33: 1–10.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 5. Archambault D, Morin G, Elazhary Y, et al. Immune response of pregnant heifers and cows to bovine rotavirus inoculation and passive protection to rotavirus infection in newborn calves fed colostral antibodies or colostral lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49: 1084–1091.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 6. Saif LJ, Smith KL, Landmeier BJ, et al. Immune response of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus immunization. Am J Vet Res 1984; 45: 49–58.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 7. Van Donkersgoed J, Rible CS, Boyer LG, et al. Epidemiological study of enzootic pneumonia in dairy calves in Saskatchewan. Can J Vet Res 1993; 57: 247–254.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 8. Ellis JA, Hassard LE, Cortese VS, et al. Effects of perinatal vaccination on humoral and cellular immune responses in cows and young calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208: 393–400.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 9. Mallard BA, Wagter LC, Ireland MJ, et al. Effects of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and cortisol and periparturient antibody response profiles of dairy cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 60: 61–76.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 10. Mallard BA, Dekkers JC, Ireland MJ, et al. Alteration in immune responsiveness during the peripartum period and its ramification on dairy cow and calf health. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81: 585–595.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 11. Murakami T, Hirano N, Inoue A, et al. Transfer of antibodies against viruses of calf diarrhea from cows to their offspring via colostrum. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1985; 47: 507–510.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 12. Cortese V. Vaccination of dairy cattle, in Proceedings. Annu Meet Am Assoc Bovine Pract 2010; 82–89.

  • 13. Brodersen BW. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2010; 26: 323–333.

  • 14. Talens LT, Beckenhauer WH, Thurber ET, et al. Efficacy of viral components of a non-abortigenic combination vaccine for prevention of respiratory and reproductive system diseases in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194: 1273–1280.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 15. USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics. Testing protocol SAM 106. Available at: www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/publications/106.pdf. Accessed Sep 3, 2015.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 16. Cortese VS, West KH, Hassard LE, et al. Clinical and immunologic responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated calves to infection with a virulent type-II isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 213: 1312–1319.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 17. Endsley JJ, Roth JA, Ridpath J, et al. Maternal antibody blocks humoral but not T cell responses to BVDV. Biologicals 2003; 31: 123–125.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 18. Kimman TG, Westenbrink F, Straver PJ. Priming for local and systematic antibody memory responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus: effect of amount of virus, viral replication, route of administration and maternal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1989; 22: 145–160.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 19. Pitcher PM. Influence of passively transferred maternal antibody on response of pigs to pseudorabies vaccines, in Proceedings. Annu Meet Am Assoc Swine Pract 1996; 57–62.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 20. Brar JS, Johnson DW, Muscoplat CC, et al. Maternal immunity to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea viruses: duration and effect on vaccination in young calves. Am J Vet Res 1978; 39: 241–244.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 21. Ellis J, Gow S, West K, et al. Response of calves to challenge exposure with virulent bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal administration of vaccines formulated for parenteral administration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230: 233–243.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 22. Menanteau-Horta AM, Ames TR, Johnson DW, et al. Effect of maternal antibody upon vaccination with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine virus diarrhea vaccines. Can J Comp Med 1985; 49: 10–14.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 23. Bryan LA. Fatal, generalized bovine herpesvirus type-1 infection associated with a modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/parainfluenza-2 vaccine administered to neonatal calves. Can Vet J 1993; 5: 223–228.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 24. Burton JL, Burnside EB, Kennedy BW, et al. Antibody responses to human erythrocytes and ovalbumin as marker traits of disease resistance in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 1989; 72: 1252–1265.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 25. Ellsworth MA, Brown MJ, Fergen BJ, et al. Safety of modified-live combination vaccine against respiratory and reproductive diseases in pregnant cows. Vet Ther 2003; 4: 120–127.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 26. Kendrick JW, Franti CE. Bovine viral diarrhea: decay of colostrum-confirmed antibody in the calf. Am J Vet Res 1974; 35: 589–591.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 27. Kirkpatrick J, Fulton RW, Burge LJ, et al. Passively transferred immunity in newborn calves, rate of antibody decay, and effect on subsequent vaccination with modified live virus vaccine. Bovine Pract 2001; 35 (1): 47–55.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 28. Schefers J, Munoz-Zanzi C, Collins JE, et al. Serological evaluation of precolostral serum samples to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in large commercial dairy herds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20: 625–628.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 29. Kleiboeker SB, Lee SM, Jones CA, et al. Evaluation of shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 after vaccination of calves with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222: 1399–1403.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 30. USDA APHIS Veterinary Services. Exemption from label warning concerning the use of bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine, modified live virus in pregnant cows or in calves nursing pregnant cows under 9 code of federal regulations 122.7(e). Veterinary Services memorandum No. 800.110. 2004.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 31. Chase CCL, Chase SK, Fawcett L. Trends in the BVDV serological response in the upper Midwest. Biologicals 2003; 31: 145–151.

  • 32. Davison AJ. Evolution of herpesviruses. Vet Microbiol 2002; 86: 69–88.

  • 33. Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Thurmond MC, Johnson WO, et al. Predicted ages of dairy calves when colostrum-derived bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies would no longer offer protection against disease or interfere with vaccination. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221: 678–685.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 34. Fulton RW, Briggs RE, Payton ME, et al. Maternally derived humoral immunity to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida in beef calves, antibody decline by half-life studies and effect on response to vaccination. Vaccine 2004; 22: 643–649.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 35. Ridpath JE, Neill JD, Endsley J, et al. Effect of passive immunity on the development of a protective immune response against bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64: 65–69.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Advertisement