Editorial Type:
Infectious Disease

Efficacy and safety of a modified-live cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine in koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) for prevention of koi herpesvirus disease

E. P. Scott Weber III Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by E. P. Scott Weber III in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MSc, VMD
,
Kirsten V. Malm Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Kirsten V. Malm in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MS
,
Susan C. Yun Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Susan C. Yun in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 BS
,
Lori A. Campbell Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Lori A. Campbell in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 DVM, PhD
,
Philip H. Kass Departments of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Philip H. Kass in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 DVM, PhD
,
Gary D. Marty Departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Search for other papers by Gary D. Marty in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 DVM, PhD
,
Kira Salonius Novartis Animal Health Inc, 797 Victoria Rd, Victoria, PE C0A 2G0, Canada.

Search for other papers by Kira Salonius in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 MSc
, and
Arnon Dishon KoVax Ltd, Bynet Bldg, Har Hotzvim Industrial Park, Jerusalem, 90836, Israel.

Search for other papers by Arnon Dishon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 PhD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.10.899
Volume/Issue:
Volume 75: Issue 10
Online Publication Date:
01 Oct 2014
Restricted access
Sign In Reprints and Permissions Purchase Article

Abstract

Objective—To investigate safety and efficacy of a cyprinid herpesvirus type 3 (CyHV3) modified-live virus vaccine for the prevention of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVd).

Animals—420 healthy koi (Cyprinus carpio koi).

Procedures—Fish were vaccinated with a 1× dose or 10× overdose of CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine or a placebo through bath exposure in tanks at 22°C. Horizontal transmission of vaccine virus was evaluated by commingling unvaccinated and vaccinated fish. Efficacy was evaluated by challenge exposure of vaccinated and naïve fish to a wild-type virus. Fish that died were submitted for quantitative PCR assay for CyHV3 and histologic evaluation.

Results—The CyHV3 vaccine was safe and efficacious, even at a 10× overdose. Vaccine-associated mortality rate was inversely associated with body weight, with a cumulative mortality rate of 9.4% (18/192) in fish weighing ≤ 87 g and no deaths in fish weighing > 87 g (0/48). Horizontal transfer of vaccine virus from vaccinates to naïve fish was negligible. For efficacy, the vaccine provided a significant reduction in mortality rate after challenge exposure to a wild-type virus, with a prevented fraction of 0.83 versus the placebo control fish.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—KHVd is highly contagious and commonly leads to deaths in 80% to 100% of exposed fish, representing a major threat to koi and common carp populations throughout the world. The CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine had a favorable safety profile and was an effective vaccine for the control of KHVd in koi weighing > 87 g.

Abstract

Objective—To investigate safety and efficacy of a cyprinid herpesvirus type 3 (CyHV3) modified-live virus vaccine for the prevention of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVd).

Animals—420 healthy koi (Cyprinus carpio koi).

Procedures—Fish were vaccinated with a 1× dose or 10× overdose of CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine or a placebo through bath exposure in tanks at 22°C. Horizontal transmission of vaccine virus was evaluated by commingling unvaccinated and vaccinated fish. Efficacy was evaluated by challenge exposure of vaccinated and naïve fish to a wild-type virus. Fish that died were submitted for quantitative PCR assay for CyHV3 and histologic evaluation.

Results—The CyHV3 vaccine was safe and efficacious, even at a 10× overdose. Vaccine-associated mortality rate was inversely associated with body weight, with a cumulative mortality rate of 9.4% (18/192) in fish weighing ≤ 87 g and no deaths in fish weighing > 87 g (0/48). Horizontal transfer of vaccine virus from vaccinates to naïve fish was negligible. For efficacy, the vaccine provided a significant reduction in mortality rate after challenge exposure to a wild-type virus, with a prevented fraction of 0.83 versus the placebo control fish.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—KHVd is highly contagious and commonly leads to deaths in 80% to 100% of exposed fish, representing a major threat to koi and common carp populations throughout the world. The CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine had a favorable safety profile and was an effective vaccine for the control of KHVd in koi weighing > 87 g.

Contributor Notes

Dr. Weber's present address is USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 1400 Independence Ave, SW, Mailstop 1014, Washington, DC 20250.

Supported in part by Novartis Animal Health and KoVax.

Presented in part as an oral presentation at the 37th Eastern Fish Health Workshop, Lake Placid, NY, April 2014.

The authors thank Dr. Ronald P. Hedrick for technical assistance.

Address correspondence to Dr. Weber (sharkdoc01@gmail.com).
Cover American Journal of Veterinary Research
American Journal of Veterinary Research
Publication Date:
01 Oct 2014

  • 1. Waltzek TB, Kelley GO, Stone DM, et al. Koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV-3) in the family Herpesviridae. J Gen Virol 2005;86:1659–1667.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 2. Bretzinger A, Fischer-Scherl T, Oumouma M, et al. Mass mortalities in koi, Cyprinus carpio, associated with gill and skin disease. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 1999;19:182–185.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 3. Hedrick RP, Gilad O, Yun S, et al. A herpesvirus associated with mass mortality of juvenile and adult koi, a strain of common carp. J Aquat Anim Health 2000;12:44–57.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 4. Costes B, Raj VS, Michel B, et al. The major portal of entry of koi herpesvirus in Cyprinus carpio is the skin. J Virol 2009;83:2819–2830.

  • 5. Raj VS, Fournier G, Rakus K, et al. Skin mucus of Cyprinus carpio inhibits cyprinid herpesvirus 3 binding to epidermal cells. Vet Res 2011;42:92.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 6. Garver KA, Al-Hussinee L, Hawley LM, et al. Mass mortality associated with koi herpesvirus in wild common carp in Canada. J Wildl Dis 2010;46:1242–1251.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 7. Taylor NG, Dixon PF, Jeffery KR, et al. Koi herpesvirus: distribution and prospects for control in England and Wales. J Fish Dis 2010;33:221–230.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 8. Iida T, Sano M. Koi herpesvirus disease. Uirusu 2005;55:145–151.

  • 9. Bondad-Reantaso MG, Sunarto A, Subasinghe RP. Managing the koi herpesvirus disease outbreak in Indonesia and the lessons learned. Dev Biol (Basel) 2007;129:21–28.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 10. Pokorova D, Vesely T, Piackova V, et al. Current knowledge on koi herpesvirus (KHV): a review. Vet Med Czech 2005;50:139–147.

  • 11. Gilad O, Yun S, Zagmutt-Vergara FJ, et al. Concentrations of a koi herpesvirus (KHV) in tissues of experimentally infected Cyprinus carpio koi as assessed by real-time TaqMan PCR. Dis Aquat Organ 2004;60:179–187.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 12. Adkison MA, Gilad O, Hedrick RP. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to the koi herpesvirus (KHV) in the serum of koi Cyprinus carpio. Fish Pathol 2005;40:53–62.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 13. Pearson H. Carp virus crisis prompts moves to avert global spread. Nature 2004;427:577.

  • 14. Ronen A, Perelberg A, Abramowitz J, et al. Efficient vaccine against the virus causing a lethal disease in cultured Cyprinus carpio. Vaccine 2003;21:4677–4684.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 15. Perelberg A, Ilouze M, Kotler M, et al. Antibody response and resistance of Cyprinus carpio immunized with cyprinid herpes virus 3 (CyHV-3). Vaccine 2008;26:3750–3756.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 16. Perelberg A, Ronen A, Hutoran M, et al. Protection of cultured Cyprinus carpio against a lethal viral disease by an attenuated virus vaccine. Vaccine 2005;23:3396–3403.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 17. Pikarsky E, Ronen A, Abramowitz J, et al. Pathogenesis of acute viral disease induced in fish by carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus. J Virol 2004;78:9544–9551.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 18. Gilad O, Yun S, Andree KB, et al. Initial characteristics of koi herpesvirus and development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect the virus in koi, Cyprinus carpio koi. Dis Aquat Organ 2002;48:101–108.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 19. Costes B, Lieffrig F, Vanderplasschen A. A recombinant koi herpesvirus (KHV) or Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) and a vaccine for the prevention of a disease caused by KHV/CyHV-3 in Cyprinus carpio carpio or Cyprinus carpio koi. European patent EP2031065 (A1). Mar 4, 2009.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 20. Miyazaki T, Yasumoto S, Kuzuya Y, et al. A primary study on oral vaccination with liposomes entrapping koi herpes virus (KHV) antigens against KHV infection in carp. In: Bondad-Reantaso MG, Mohan C, Crumlish M, et al, eds. Diseases in Asian aquaculture VI. Manila, Philippines: Asian Fisheries Society, 2008; 99–184.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Advertisement