1 Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R. The epidemiology of canine leukemia and lymphoma. Bibl Haematol 1970; 36:403–415.
2 Dobson JM, Blackwood LB, McInnes EF, et al. Prognostic variables in canine multicentric lymphosarcoma. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42:377–384.
3 MacEwen EG. Spontaneous tumors in dogs and cats: models for the study of cancer biology and treatment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1990; 9:125–136.
4 Teske E. Canine malignant lymphoma: a review and comparison with human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Vet Q 1994; 16:209–219.
5 Feinstein AR, Sosin DM, Wells CK. The Will Rogers phenomenon. Stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1604–1608.
6 Sobin LH. TNM: principles, history, and relation to other prognostic factors. Cancer 2001; 91:1589–1592.
7 Owen LN. TNM classification of tumours in domestic animals. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980;46–47.
8 Nyland TG. Ultrasonic patterns of canine hepatic lymphosarcoma. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1984; 25:167–172.
9 Nyland TG, Hager DA. Sonography of the liver, gallbladder, and spleen. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1985; 15:1123–1148.
10 Wrigley RH, Konde LJ, Park RD, et al. Ultrasonographic features of splenic lymphosarcoma in dogs: 12 cases (1980–1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 193:1565–1568.
11 Grindem CB, Neel JA, Juopperi TA. Cytology of bone marrow. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002; 32:1313–1374.
12 Raskin RE, Krehbiel JD. Prevalence of leukemic blood and bone marrow in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194:1427–1429.
13 O'Keefe DA, Couto CG. Fine-needle aspiration of the spleen as an aid in the diagnosis of splenomegaly. J Vet Intern Med 1987; 1:102–109.
14 Weiss DJ, Moritz A. Liver cytology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002; 32:1267–1291.
15 Roth L. Comparison of liver cytology and biopsy diagnoses in dogs and cats: 56 cases. Vet Clin Pathol 2001; 30:35–38.
16 Stockhaus C, Van Den Ingh T, Rothuizen J, et al. A multistep approach in the cytologic evaluation of liver biopsy samples of dogs with hepatic diseases. Vet Pathol 2004; 41:461–470.
17 Greenlee PG, Filippa DA, Quimby FW, et al. Lymphomas in dogs. A morphologic, immunologic, and clinical study. Cancer 1990; 66:480–490.
18 Gibson D, Aubert I, Woods JP, et al. Flow cytometric immunophenotype of canine lymph node aspirates. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18:710–717.
19 Sözmen M, Tasca S, Carli E, et al. Use of fine needle aspirates and flow cytometry for the diagnosis, classification, and immunophenotyping of canine lymphomas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005; 17:323–330.
20 Wilkerson MJ, Dolce K, Koopman T, et al. Lineage differentiation of canine lymphoma/leukemias and aberrant expression of CD molecules. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:179–196.
21 Culmsee K, Simon D, Mischke R, et al. Possibilities of flow cytometric analysis for immunophenotypic characterization of canine lymphoma. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2001; 48:199–206.
22 Winnicka A, Jagielski D, Hoffmann-Jagielska M, et al. Cytometric evaluation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in dogs with lymphoma during chemotherapy. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2002; 49:303–306.
23 Grindem CB, Page RL, Ammerman BE, et al. Immunophenotypic comparison of blood and lymph node from dogs with lymphoma. Vet Clin Pathol 1998; 27:16–20.
24 Faldyna M, Sinkora J, Knotigova P, et al. Lymphatic organ development in dogs: major lymphocyte subsets and activity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 104:239–247.
25 Sakai M, Otani I, Watari T, et al. Phenotypic analysis of hepatic lymphocytes from healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:157–159.
26 Guerra LL, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Giunchetti RC, et al. Evaluation of the influence of tissue parasite density on hematological and phenotypic cellular parameters of circulating leukocytes and splenocytes during ongoing canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:611–622.
27 Landay AL, Muirhead KA. Procedural guidelines for performing immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989; 52:48–60.
28 Szczepanski T, van der Velden VH, van Dongen JJ. Flow-cytometric immunophenotyping of normal and malignant lymphocytes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44:775–796.
29 Gebhard DH, Carter PB. Identification of canine T-lymphocyte subsets with monoclonal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 33:187–199.
30 Eloubeidi MA, Varadarajulu S, Eltoum I, et al. Transgastric endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometry of suspected lymphoma of the spleen. Endoscopy 2006; 38:617–620.
31 Johnson A, Akerman M, Cavallin-Stahl E. Flow cytometric detection of B-clonal excess in fine needle aspirates for enhanced diagnostic accuracy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults. Histopathology 1987; 11:581–590.
32 Zeppa P, Marino G, Troncone G, et al. Fine-needle cytology and flow cytometry immunophenotyping and subclassification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a critical review of 307 cases with technical suggestions. Cancer 2004; 102:55–65.
33 Zeppa P, Picardi M, Marino G, et al. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometry immunophenotyping of lymphoid and myeloproliferative disorders of the spleen. Cancer 2003; 99:118–127.
34 Young NA, Al-Saleem TI, Ehya H, et al. Utilization of fine-needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometry in the diagnosis and subclassification of primary and recurrent lymphoma. Cancer 1998; 84:252–261.
35 Craig FE, Foon KA. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasms. Blood 2008; 111:3941–3967.
36 Davis BH, Holden JT, Bene MC, et al. 2006 Bethesda International Consensus recommendations on the flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis of hematolymphoid neoplasia: medical indications. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2007; 72(suppl 1): S5–S13.
37 Duggan PR, Easton D, Luider J, et al. Bone marrow staging of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma by flow cytometry: correlation with morphology. Cancer 2000; 88:894–899.
38 Finn WG, Peterson LC, James C, et al. Enhanced detection of malignant lymphoma in cerebrospinal fluid by multiparameter flow cytometry. Am J Clin Pathol 1998; 110:341–346.
39 Jamal S, Picker LJ, Aquino DB, et al. Immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral T-cell neoplasms. A multiparameter flow cytometric approach. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 116:512–526.
40 Arun SS, Breuer W, Hermanns W. Immunohistochemical examination of light-chain expression (lambda/kappa ratio) in canine, feline, equine, bovine and porcine plasma cells. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1996; 43:573–576.
41 Gelain ME, Mazzilli M, Riondato F, et al. Aberrant phenotypes and quantitative antigen expression in different subtypes of canine lymphoma by flow cytometry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:179–188.
42 Flory AB, Rassnick KM, Stokol T, et al. Stage migration in dogs with lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:1041–1047.
Advertisement
Objective—To determine whether the extent of disease in dogs with lymphoma can be assessed via flow cytometry and to evaluate the suitability of fine-needle aspirates from the liver and spleen of dogs for flow cytometric examination.
Animals—44 dogs with multicentric B-cell (n = 35) or T-cell lymphoma (9) and 5 healthy control dogs.
Procedures—Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples and fine-needle aspirates of lymph node, liver, and spleen were examined via flow cytometry. Logarithmically transformed T-cell–to–B-cell percentage ratio (log[T:B]) values were calculated. Thresholds defined by use of log(T:B) values of samples from control dogs were used to determine extranodal lymphoma involvement in lymphoma-affected dogs; results were compared with cytologic findings.
Results—12 of 245 (5%) samples (9 liver, 1 spleen, and 2 bone marrow) had insufficient cellularity for flow cytometric evaluation. Mean log(T:B) values of samples from dogs with B-cell lymphoma were significantly lower than those of samples from the same site in dogs with T-cell lymphoma and in control dogs. In dogs with T-cell lymphoma, the log(T:B) of lymph node, bone marrow, and spleen samples was significantly higher than in control dogs. Of 165 samples assessed for extranodal lymphoma involvement, 116 (70%) tested positive via flow cytometric analysis; results agreed with cytologic findings in 133 of 161 (83%) samples evaluated via both methods.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that flow cytometry may aid in detection of extranodal lymphoma involvement in dogs, but further research is needed. Most fine-needle aspirates of liver and spleen were suitable for flow cytometric evaluation.
Alexa E. Joetzke was sponsored by the German National Academic Foundation.
Presented as a poster at the 1. WORLDvetCANCER, First Joint Meeting of The European Society of Veterinary Oncology and the Veterinary Cancer Society, Copenhagen, February–March 2008; and in abstract form at the 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine—Companion Animals, Ghent, Belgium, September 2008; and at the European Society of Veterinary Oncology Spring Congress, Torino, Italy, March 2010.
The authors thank H. J. Schuberth for technical advice regarding flow cytometry.