Cover American Journal of Veterinary Research
American Journal of Veterinary Research
ISSN:
0002-9645
Publication Date:
01 Nov 2012

  • 1. Lindholm A, Bjerneld H, Saltin B. Glycogen depletion pattern in muscle fibres of trotting horses. Acta Physiol Scand 1974; 90: 475–484.

  • 2. Bonen A, Luiken JJ & Liu S et alPalmitate transport and fatty acid transporters in red and white muscles. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: E471–E478.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 3. DiRusso CC, Li H & Darwis D et alComparative biochemical studies of the murine fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) expressed in yeast. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 16829–16837.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 4. Abumrad NA, el-Maghrabi MR & Amri EZ et alCloning of a rat adipocyte membrane protein implicated in binding or transport of long-chain fatty acids that is induced during preadipocyte differentiation. Homology with human CD36. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 17665–17668.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 5. Holloway GP, Luiken JJ & Glatz JF et alContribution of FAT/CD36 to the regulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation: an overview. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 194: 293–309.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 6. van Dam KG, van Breda E & Schaart G et alInvestigation of the expression and localization of glucose transporter 4 and fatty acid translocase/CD36 in equine skeletal muscle. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65: 951–956.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 7. Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 78–90.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 8. Baar K, Wende AR & Jones TE et alAdaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise: rapid increase in the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1. FASEB J 2002; 16: 1879–1886.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 9. Terada S, Goto M & Kato M et alEffects of low-intensity prolonged exercise on PGC-1 mRNA expression in rat epitrochlearis muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296: 350–354.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 10. Taylor EB, Lamb JD & Hurst RW et alEndurance training increases skeletal muscle LKB1 and PGC-1alpha protein abundance: effects of time and intensity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289: E960–E968.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 11. Russell AP, Feilchenfeldt J & Schreiber S et alEndurance training in humans leads to fiber type-specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2874–2881.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 12. Eivers SS, McGivney BA & Fonseca RG et alAlterations in oxidative gene expression in equine skeletal muscle following exercise and training. Physiol Genomics 2010; 40: 83–93.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 13. Kitaoka Y, Hoshino D & Mukai K et alEffect of growth on monocarboxylate transporters and indicators of energy metabolism in the gluteus medius muscle of Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72: 1107–1111.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 14. Gibala MJ, Little JP & van Essen M et alShort-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. J Physiol 2006; 575: 901–911.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 15. Coyle EF. Very intense exercise-training is extremely potent and time efficient: a reminder. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 1983–1984.

  • 16. Soga T, Ohashi Y & Ueno Y et alQuantitative metabolome analysis using capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2003; 2: 488–494.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 17. Soga T, Baran R & Suematsu M et alDifferential metabolomics reveals ophthalmic acid as an oxidative stress biomarker indicating hepatic glutathione consumption. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 16768–16776.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 18. Eto D, Yamano S & Mukai K et alEffect of high intensity training on anaerobic capacity of middle gluteal muscle in Thoroughbred horses. Res Vet Sci 2004; 76: 139–144.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 19. Kitaoka Y, Masuda H & Mukai K et alEffect of training and detraining on monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and MCT4 in Thoroughbred horses. Exp Physiol 2011; 96: 348–355.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 20. Kitaoka Y, Wakasugi Y & Hoshino D et alEffects of high intensity training on monocarboxylate transporters in Thoroughbred horses. Comp Exer Physiol 2010; 6: 171–175.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 21. Shonk CE, Boxer GE. Enzyme patterns in human tissues. I. Methods for the determination of glycolytic enzymes. Cancer Res 1964; 24: 709–721.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 22. Serere PA. Citrate synthase. Meth Enzymol 1969; 13: 3–5.

  • 23. Bass A, Brdiczka D & Eyer P et alMetabolic differentiation of distinct muscle types at the level of enzymatic organization. Eur J Biochem 1969; 10: 198–206.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 24. Holloszy JO. Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 1967; 242: 2278–2282.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 25. Perry CG, Heigenhauser GJ & Bonen A et alHigh-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33: 1112–1123.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 26. Essen B, Lindholm A, Thornton J. Histochemical properties of muscle fibres types and enzyme activities in skeletal muscles of Standardbred trotters of different ages. Equine Vet J 1980; 12: 175–180.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 27. Miyata H, Sugiura T & Kai M et alMuscle adaptation of Thoroughbred racehorses trained on a flat or sloped track. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60: 1536–1539.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 28. Foreman JH, Bayly WM & Allen JR et alMuscle responses of Thoroughbreds to conventional race training and detraining. Am J Vet Res 1990; 51: 909–913.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 29. McGowan CM, Golland LC & Evans DL et alEffects of prolonged training, overtraining and detraining on skeletal muscle metabolites and enzymes. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002;(34):257–263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 30. Serrano AL, Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JL. Early and long-term changes of equine skeletal muscle in response to endurance training and detraining. Pflugers Arch 2000; 441: 263–274.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 31. McCutcheon LJ, Geor RJ, Hinchcliff KW. Changes in skeletal muscle GLUT4 content and muscle membrane glucose transport following 6 weeks of exercise training. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002;(34):199–204.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 32. Akimoto T, Pohnert SC & Li P et alExercise stimulates Pgc-1alpha transcription in skeletal muscle through activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 19587–19593.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 33. Little JP, Safdar A & Cermak N et alAcute endurance exercise increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1alpha in trained human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298: R912–R917.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 34. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ, Shen H. Muscular and metabolic responses to moderate-intensity short-term training. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999;(30):311–317.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 35. Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ & Hinchcliff KW et alTraining-induced alterations in glucose metabolism during moderate-intensity exercise. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002;(34):22–28.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 36. Bergman BC, Wolfel EE & Butterfield GE et alActive muscle and whole body lactate kinetics after endurance training in men. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1684–1696.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 37. Astrand PO, Hultman E & Juhlin-Dannfelt A et alDisposal of lactate during and after strenuous exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 338–343.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • 38. Bergstrom J, Hermansen L & Hultman E et alDiet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand 1967; 71: 140–150.

Advertisement

Editorial Type:
Physiology

Effects of high-intensity training on lipid metabolism in Thoroughbreds

Yu Kitaoka PhD1, Kazutaka Mukai DVM, PhD2, Hiroko Aida DVM, PhD3, Atsushi Hiraga DVM, PhD4, Hiroyuki Masuda MSc5, Tohru Takemasa PhD6, and Hideo Hatta PhD7
View More View Less
  • 1 Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
  • | 2 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 321-4 Tokami-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan.
  • | 3 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 321-4 Tokami-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan.
  • | 4 Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 321-4 Tokami-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0856, Japan.
  • | 5 Department of Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
  • | 6 Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
  • | 7 Department of Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1813
Volume/Issue:
Volume 73: Issue 11
Online Publication Date:
01 Nov 2012
Restricted access
Reprints and Permissions Purchase Article

Abstract

Objective—To investigate the effects of high-intensity training (HIT) on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in Thoroughbreds.

Animals—12 Thoroughbreds (3 to 4 years old; 6 males and 6 females).

Procedures—Horses performed HIT for 18 weeks. They ran at 90% or 110% of maximal oxygen consumption (o2max) for 3 minutes (5 d/wk) and were subjected to incremental exercise testing (IET) before and after training. Blood samples were collected during IET, and muscle samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle immediately after IET. Phosphofructokinase, citrate synthase, and β-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (β-HAD) activities were measured to determine glycolytic and oxidative capacities. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) protein contents were detected via western blotting. Metabolome analysis was performed via capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to measure substrate concentrations related to carbohydrate metabolism.

Results—Peak speed during IET and o2max increased after HIT. Activities of citrate synthase and β-HAD increased after HIT, whereas phosphofructokinase activity remained unchanged. The PGC-1α and FAT/CD36 protein contents increased after HIT, but plasma lactate concentration and the respiratory exchange ratio decreased after HIT. The plasma free fatty acid concentration increased after HIT, whereas the glucose concentration was not altered. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate concentrations decreased after HIT.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—HIT caused an increase in oxidative capacity in equine muscle, which suggested that there was a decreased reliance on carbohydrate utilization and a concomitant shift toward fatty acid utilization during intensive exercise.

Contributor Notes

Supported by the Japan Racing Association.

Dr. Kitaoka was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for JSPS Fellows from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

Address correspondence to Dr. Hatta (hatta@idaten.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp).